Derm- No pictures Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What constitutes a primary derm lesion and what are the examples?
A
Initial erruption developing spontaneously as direct reflection of underlying dz- appear/disappear quick
Macule, papule, pustule, vesicle, wheal, nodule (abscess, tumor, cyst)
2
Q
What are examples of a primary or secondary derm lesion?
A
Alopecia, scale, crust, follicular casts, comedone
3
Q
What constitutes a secondary derm lesion and what are the examples?
A
Evolved from a primary lesion or artifact induced by patient or by external factors (licking/biting/trauma)
Epidermal collarette, scar, excoriation, erosion-ulcer, fissure, lichenification, callus
4
Q
What are the layers of the epidermis?
A
Stratum corneum –> lucidum –> granulosum –> spinosum –> basale
5
Q
What is a superficial skin scrape performed for?
A
Large surface area examined looking for parasites (surface mites)
- Sarcoptes, notoedres, otodectes, cheyletiella, demodex gatoi (cats)
6
Q
What is a deep skin scrape performed for?
A
Small focal area examined for follicular parasites
- demodex spp.
7
Q
What is the difference in morphology of an anagen vs. telogen hair?
A
Anagen: ball or balloon at bottom of hair
Telogen: arrow head
8
Q
When performing a wood’s lamp exam, what should fluoresce if dermatophytes are present?
A
Hair must fluoresce not the skin
9
Q
When should a fungal culture be performed?
A
All cats with skin disease and all dogs with inflammatory skin lesions
10
Q
What is the test of choice for fungal culture?
A
Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM)
11
Q
If a dermatophyte is present in DTM- what occurs?
A
Dermatophytes use protein in the media resulting in alkaline byproducts causing the media to turn RED and the colony appears at that time (colonies not present before color change)
12
Q
If a saprophyte is present in DTM- what occurs?
A
Color change will occur- but with this, there will be colonies present before and after the color change
13
Q
What is the scotch tape test good for?
A
Crusts or dandruff- can use for mites (walking dandruff)
14
Q
T/F: You should prep and scrub the skin before performing a skin biopsy?
A
FALSE- you will wash away the things you want
15
Q
What are the most common indications for a bacterial C&S test to be run?
A
Deep pyodermas
Chronic AB/GC therapy
GSD pyoderma
16
Q
What is the gold standard for environmental allergies?
A
Intradermal allergy testing-important to go to a LOCAL vet
17
Q
What test relies on antigen-specific Ab levels?
A
Blood allergy testing
18
Q
What is an unpleasant sensation of the skin that provokes the urge to scratch?
A
Pruritus
19
Q
What are some causes of pruritus?
A
Infections, allergies, parasites
20
Q
What signs do we commonly see when a patient presents with pruritus?
A
Alopecia, erythema and excoriation followed by lichenification, hyperpigmentation, seborrhea
21
Q
What are the three most common allergens causing pruritus?
A
Flea bite allergy, atopic dermatitis and cutaneous adverse food reaction
22
Q
What are you suspecting if a patient presents with caudal dorsum alopecia?
A
Flea allergy
23
Q
What are you suspecting if a patient presents licking and chewing feet?
A
Food allergy or atopy
24
Q
What are you suspecting if a patient presents with alopecia on the ears and elbows?
A
Sarcoptic mange
25
What is the most important allergic skin condition in dogs and cats?
Flea bite allergic dermatitis
26
What type hypersensitivity is flea bite dermatitis considered?
Type I hypersensitivity- saliva acts as the antigen
27
What is the common distribution pattern for flea bite dermatitis?
Lumbo-sacral, tail base, caudomedial thighs, ventral abdomen, flanks
Cats often present with miliary dermatitis
28
T/F: All dermatoses are considered flea related until proven otherwise?
TRUE
29
Where does majority of the flea population live?
ENVIRONMENT- not actually on the pet
30
Atopy is considered to have what type of hypersensitivity?
Type I hypersensitivity to aeroallergens
31
What is the most common cause of otitis in dogs?
Atopy
32
What is the most common cause of atopy?
Dust mites
33
Where are the signs of distribution for atopy?
Paws, face, distal extremities, elbows, ventrum and otitis externa
34
Intradermal skin tests detect the which antigen?
Allergen-specific IgE
35
What is the gold standard dx test for atopy?
intradermal allergy testing
36
What three things should be avoided before intradermal allergy testing is performed (5 days prior, 2 wk. prior and 1 month prior)
No baths 5 days prior
No antihistimines and essential FA 2wks. prior
Avoid oral/topical steroids 1 month prior
37
What is the positive and negative control for intradermal allergy testing?
Positive control: histamine
| Negative control: saline
38
What are the three possible treatments for atopy?
Allergen specific immunotherapy
Desensitization
Hyposensitization
39
What are the two forms of allergy shots?
SQ injection immunotherapy- increase dose/concentration slowly
Sublingual immunotherapy- twice daily
40
T/F: Antihistamines, essential FA and topical tx have strong evidence for tx of atopy
FALSE- weak evidence
41
What are the two drugs considered for tx of atopy?
Hydroxyzine
| Clemastine
42
Why is fish oil used for FA supplementation in atopy patients
Arachidonic acid (fish oil) is less likely to break down and result in inflammation compared to mammalian oils
43
What is skin lipid therapy and what is the effectiveness of treatment for atopy?
Helps restore the epidermal barrier to lessen inflammation by not allowing as many allergens to enter skin
Fair evidence of tx
Ex: dermoscent, duoxo, allerderm
44
What drugs have strong evidence of treatment against atopy?
Glucocorticoids, cyclosporine A, oclactinib
45
What is the difference in a food allergy vs. dietary intolerance?
Food allergy=immune response
| Dietary intolerance= no immune response
46
What are the three most common antigens in food that causes allergies?
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Carbohydrates
47
What is the most common Ag in dogs and cats?
Beef protein
48
What type of hypersensitivity does food allergies have?
Type I hypersensitivity
49
What are examples of innate immune defense to food allergens?
Anatomical: defense-intact mucosa of intestine
Physiological: stomach pH, mucous protective layer/peristalsis, temp
Non-specific: neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells
50
Food allergens are prevented by passing through intestinal wall by what two things?
Innate immunity and IgA antibodies lining the mucosal layer
51
What are four cell types that capture the antigens in food allergy response?
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
M-cells
Enterocytes
52
What do T1 vs. T2 helper cells activate?
T1 Helper Cells: activates cell mediated immunity (T-lymph proliferation and macrophage activation)
T2 Helper Cells: activates humoral immunity (B-lymph proliferation --> production of Ig)
53
What are two other hypersensitivity reactions that can occur from food allergens?
```
Type I (IgE related)- most common
Type IV (macrophage related)
Type III (Ag-Ab complex)
```
54
If a pet is < 6mo. old- what is the order of skin allergy causes?
Fleas, food allergies, atopy
Food allergies are more common than atopy in patients <6 mo.
55
What is the distribution of pruritus for food allergy dogs and cats?
Cats: head, face, pinnae, neck
Dogs: muzzle, ears, distal limbs/paws/interdigital, axillae, groin/ventral abdomen
56
What is the only way to dx food allergies?
Positive response to elimination diet
57
What is the biggest limitation to elimination diet?
Owner compliance
| *poor vet-owner communication*
58
What is the only way to definitively say a dog has a food allergy?
Colonoscopy allergen provocation
59
What is the best diet for food allergy patients?
Homemade hypoallergenic diet: novel protein & free of additives
Proteins: pinto beans, tofu, venison, duck, rabbit, fish, squid, ostrich, crocodile, kangaroo, other wild game
Carbs: brown rice, sweet potatoe
60
What is considered to be the LEAST allergenic diet?
Brown rice and tofu
61
What makes a hydrolyzed diet a good option for food allergy patients?
The smaller the particle- the less antigenic they become. Particles are so small they cannot bind to IgE on mast cells, preventing degranulation
Should be <10,000 Da
< 3,000 Da makes food hypoallergenic
62
T/F: Hydrolyzed diets are 100% hypoallergenic
FALSE- there are still carb and lipid sources inside the diet
63
T/F: Owner compliance for hydrolyzed diets are excellent compared to home made diets
TRUE
64
What is considered to have sudden onset of local or generalized wheal and edematous swelling?
Urticaria and Angioedema
65
What is the tx for angioedema?
Remove ag
| Injectable IV or IM antihistamine
66
What type of hypersensitivity does contact dermatitis have?
Type IV hypersensitivity
| Extremely rare dermatosis and can take up to 8 weeks to develop (hairless regions)
67
Which mite causes intense pruritus and is very contagious and zoonotic?
Sarcoptes scabei
68
What is a specific reflex that is observed with sarcoptic mange?
Pinnal pedal reflex
69
Where are lesions caused by sarcoptic mange typically found?
hocks, elbows, pinnal margins
| Predilection for sparsely haired areas
70
What is the treatment for sarcoptic mange?
```
Topical dip (lime sulfur)
Topical spot-on or systemic
```
71
T/F: Demodex canis is a normal inhabitant of the skin
TRUE
72
What is the pathogenesis of demodex canis?
Cell mediated immunity impaired (TH1 response)
73
What is the difference of localized and generalized demodecosis?
Localized: young patients with 1-6 well cirucmscribed erythematous, scaly, non-pruritic areas (face/forelimbs)
Generalized: <18 months, over 12 lesions
74
What is the dx method used for demodex?
Deep skin scrape- look for cigar shaped organisms on the slide
75
What is the treatment for localized demodecosis?
Typically heals spontaneously- no tx needed unless owner demands one
DON'T USE AMITRAX- encourages resistance
76
What is teh treatment for generalized demodecosis?
Long-term treatment
If present for longer than 1 yr. definitely needs tx
Amitraz dip is most widely accepted tx (250 ppm every 14 days)
77
What drug should always be avoided when treating demodex patients?
Steroids
78
What shampoo can be used to miximize amitraz tx?
benzoyl peroxide shampoo with a 10 minute contact time
79
What is another tx option for demodex patients?
Ivermectin at high doses
| Make sure your patient is free from the MDR-1/ABCB-1 gene
80
What is the name of the mite that lives on the hair?
Cheyletiellosis- walking dandruff
| ZOONOTIC
81
What is a dx test for Cheyletiellosis?
3m/acetate tape test
82
What are your treatment options for Cheyletiellosis?
Shampoos- selenium sulphide, permetrhin, lime sulphur (weekly)
Selemectin, moxidectin (Q2wks)
Fipronil or amitraz dips
83
What derm lesion do hookworms cause?
Cutaneous larval migrans
84
What is the dx and tx for hookworms?
Dx: fecal floatation
Tx: deworm Q2wks (important because the PPP is 3 wks)
85
What seasons are chiggers commonly found?
Fall and spring
86
Where are chiggers commonly found on the animal?
Legs, head and abdomen
| looks like paprika
87
What is the tx for chiggers?
Pyrethrin dips and topical anti-parasitic drugs
88
What is the difference of surface pyoderma, superficial pyoderma and deep pyoderma?
Surface: surface of skin- alopecia and red/inflammed skin
Superficial pyoderma: epidermal layer and/or hair follicles- papules, pustules, epidermal collarettes, crusts
Deep pyoderma: dermal layer of subcutis plus follicles
89
What are causes of surface pyoderma?
Pyotraumatic pyoderma (HOT SPOT)
intertrigo (fold rash)
Mucocutaneous pyoderma
bacterial overgrowth
90
What are some causes of superficial pyoderma?
Impetigo (puppy dermatitis)
Superficial bacterial folliculitis
Superficial spreading pyoderma
91
What are some causes of deep pyoderma?
```
Folliculitis/furunculosis
Lick granuloma
Muzzle pyoderma
Pedal pyoderma
Cellulitis
Pyotraumatic syndrome folliculitis/furunculosis
```
92
What are three main CS of pyoderma?
Pustules, papules and crusts
93
What is the difference in tx options for surface, superficial and deep pyoderma?
Surface- topical medication
Superficial- systemic and topical
Deep- long term systemic and topical
94
When must cultures be performed in pyoderma dx and what is the best lesion to culture?
Deep pyoderma always has to have a culture
| Culture pustules
95
What are two common topical tx for pyoderma?
Benzoyl peroxide- drying and follicular flushing activity
| Chlorhexidine: less drying, no follicular flushing activity
96
What is the contact time for shampoos used for pyodermas?
10-15 minute contact time
97
What is mupirocin used for?
Highly effective topically against gram positive bacteria including MRSA
Bacteriostatic at LOW concentrations and bacteriocidal at HIGH concentrations
98
What is the first line of systemic treatment for pyoderma?
Cephalosporins (cephalexin)
Amoxicillin
Clindamycin
99
What is the second line of systemic treatment for pyoderma?
Sulfas
Erythromycin
Lincomycin
Doxycycline
100
What is the 3rd line of systemic tx for pyoderma?
Fluoroquinolones
101
How long should you treat for superficial vs. deep pyodermas?
Superficial: 1 week beyond resolution
Deep: 2 w beyond resolution
102
What is another name for a hot spot?
Acute traumatic pyodermatitis
103
What is mucocutatneous pyoderma?
Mucocutaneous swelling, erythema, crusting found around the mouth
Symmetrical lesions on either commissure
104
What is the treatment for mucocutaneous pyoderma?
topical antibiotic, silver sulfadiazine
105
What are the clinical signs of acute traumatic dermatitis?
Red, moist, edudative, crusting-erosive and ulcerative
106
What are the most common causes of acute traumatic dermatitis?
FBA
Impacted anal glands
Irritated ears
107
What is the cause of impetigo?
AKA puppy pyoderma
| Staphylococcus in young dogs due ot poor husbandry
108
What are CS of impetigo?
Pustules, non-follicular pustules, ventral hairless areas affected
109
What is the treatment for impetigo?
Local tx
Antibacterial shampoos
Topical antibiotics washes/creams
110
What are the three most common causes of folliculitis in dogs?
Bacterial
Dermatopytes
Demodex
111
What is the most important pathogen relating to deep pyoderma?
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
112
What are the breed associated clinical signs for deep pyoderma?
GSD: rump and lateral thoracic wall regions
| Bull terriers: hocks, elbows, ventral ab, pododdermatitis
113
T/F: Steroids should be used in cases of pyoderma
FALSE- these will suppress the immune system
114
What is a good tx choice for pseudintermedius?
Cephalexin
115
What kind of bacteria is actinomyces?
Gram positive anaerobic organism
116
When is actinomycosis seen?
Infections following trauma or penetrating wounds- common in hunting dogs
117
What are CS of actinomyces?
Subcutaneous abscesses, draining tracts with sulfur granules
118
What is the tx for actinomycosis?
Surgical debulking and long-term antibiotics (clindamycin)
119
What type of organism is nocardia spp?
Gram positive, filamentous aerobe
120
What can nocardia commonly result in?
Pyothorax
121
What is the tx for nocardia?
Surgical debulking, drainage and long-term ab (TMS, ampicillin, erythro, monocycline)
122
What is the tx for saprophytic mycobacterium?
WIDE surgical excision with long term antibiotics (clarithromycin, enroflox, doxy)
123
What is intertrigo?
Skin fold pyoderma
124
What is the most common treatment for intertrigo?
Topical management
125
Where are yeasts commonly found?
Warm and moist environments
| Ear, lip folds, ventral neck, axilla, interdigital and perianal region
126
What breeds are commonly seen with yeast issues?
Westies
127
What are CS of yeast infections?
Pruritis
Malodor
Erythema, greasy scaly plaques
128
What is the cytologic characteristic of yeast?
Round to oval budding peanut shaped
129
What are the topical anti-fungal treatments?
Ketoconazole, miconazole, selenium sulfide (anti-yeast shampoos)
130
What are two systemic anti-fungal tx?
Ketoconazole, itraconazole
131
What is the name of the organism that causes ringworm and what patients do you commonly see this in?
Dermatophytosis
| Young and immunosuppressed animals- prefers actively growing hair
132
What are three dx modalities that can be used for dermatophytosis?
Wood's lamp
Microscopy of hair pluck
Fungal culture
133
What are some topical therapies used for ringworm?
Ketoconazole shampoo or eniloconazole rinse
134
What are some systemic anti-fungal drugs that are used for ringworm?
Ketoconazole or itraconazole (6-12 months)
135
What is symmetrical alopecia in cats commonly caused by?
Psychogenic alopecia (new baby, new dog, recent move)
136
What areas are most commonly affected in cats with psychogenic alopecia?
Medial thighs, ventral abdomen, medial forelimbs
137
Where on the cat does feline scabies affect?
Pinna, face, neck, forelimbs and anywhere where the cat can't groom well
138
T/F: If your cat has demodex gatoi, you should tx the same as you would in dogs with amitraz dip
FALSE- toxic to cats
139
What is the most common cause of otitis in cats?
Otodectic cyanosis
140
What is the name for the fur mite that commonly is referred to as "salt and pepper"?
Lynxacarus radovsky
| Dx: acetate tape test
141
What are the three presentations of eosinophilic granuloma complex?
Indolent ulcer (non-painful and non-pruritic)
Eosinophilic plaques
Collagenolytic granuloma
142
What are the two endocrine diseases that can cause alopecia seen in cats?
Hyperthyroidism
| Hyperadrenocorticism
143
What is defined as a crusted papule with multifocal distribution of skin lesions in cats?
Miliary dermatitis
144
What are some common causes of miliary dermatitis?
Flea allergy dermatitis
| viral: herpes, FIV, FeLV
145
Describe the indolent/rodent ulcer (form of eosinophilic granuloma complex)
Most common form
Proliferative inflammatory lesion with dish shaped ulcer centrally
Upper/lower lip- non-painful/non-pruritic
146
Describe the eosinophilic plaque (form of eosinophilic granuloma complex)
Reddish-yellow, ulcerated, edematous, INTENSELY PRURITIC
Medial thigh, ventral abdomen
Raised and flat
DDx: calicivirus/neoplasia
147
Describe the collagenolytic granuloma/eosinophilic granuloma (form of eosinophilic granuloma complex)
Rare form
Linear or raised nodule, firm, yellow-pink lesion
Caudal hind limbs or abdomen, around nails
Non-painful/pruritic
148
What is atypical esoinophilic granuloma typically associated with?
Mosquitos- depigmentation of skin over bridge of nose and ear pinnae
149
What is the tx for eosinophilic granuloma complex?
First put on strict parasite control!
| Glucocorticoids and cyclosporine A can be used if needed
150
What is known as idiopathic disorder of follicular keratinization?
Feline acne
151
What are the CS of feline acne?
Comedones on chin and lower lip, papules, pustules
152
What can be used for feline acne treatment?
Clip and clean area with benzoyl peroxide
| Can use vitamin A if necessary
153
What is the pathogenesis of feline leprosy?
Chronic bacterial infection
154
What are the infectious vs. non-infectious causes of feline leprosy?
Non-infectious: panniculitis, collagenolytic granuloma, FB, neoplasia
Infectious: bacterial (nocardia, actinomyces, mycobacterium) or fungal (dermatomycoses)
155
What are the CS of feline leprosy?
Nodules that open and drain
156
What is the dx method for feline leprosy?
Skin biopsy
157
What are the dx methods used for immune-mediated skin disorders?
Histopathology
| Immunohistochemistry
158
What is the difference of granulosum, spinosum and basale lesions?
Granulosum: erosion/scaling
Spinosum: erosion
Basale: epidermis comes off --> ulcer
159
What are the treatment options for immune mediated skin disorders?
Immunosuppressive drugs- glucocorticoids and cyclosporine A
| Cats= chlorambucil (they can't clear azathioprine)
160
What is a vesciulobullous to pustular disorder of the skin or MM characterized by acantholysis?
Pemphigus complex
161
What is acantholysis?
Loss of intercellular connections resulting in loss of cohesions between keratinocytes
Prime example of immune-mediated dz affecting epidermis
162
What is the benign form of pemphigus foliacious?
Pemphigus erythematosus
163
What dog breeds are pre-disposed to pemphigus erythematosus and what locations?
Collies and GSD- NOSE
164
What might aggregate pemphigus erythematosus lesions?
UV light
165
What are the CS of pemphigus erythematosus?
Erythema, pustular dermatitis (face and ears)
Primary lesions: oozing, crusts, scale, alopecia, erosion bordered by epidermal collarettes
Nose commonly depigments
166
What are the dx tests for pemphigus erythematosus?
Histopath and immunofluorescence
167
What is the tx for pemphigus erythematosus?
Sun avoidance
| Topical glucocorticoids or Cyclosporine
168
What is the most common immune-mediated condition in dogs?
Pemphigus folliaceus
169
What is the major antigen involved with pemphigus folliaceus?
Desmoglein 1
170
What is the common age for pemphigus folliaceus?
< 5y
171
What are the CS for pemphigus folliaceus?
Pustular dermatitis- more crusting and scaling compared to phemphigus erythematosus
Face and ears- hyperkeratotic foot pads (similar to distemper)
See scales, alopecia and erosions bordered by epidermal collarettes
Nasal depigmentation is common
172
What is the dx choice for pemphigus folliaceus?
Histopath and immunofuorescence
173
What layers is pemphigus folliaceus found between?
Stratum corneum and granulosum
174
What is the management for pemphigus folliaceus?
Topical corticosteroids or cyclosporine (prednisolone may be required in extensive cases)
Cats- chlorambucil
Dogs: azathioprine
175
What is the second most rarest pemphigus complex dz in which cats cannot contract?
Pemphigus vulgaris
176
What do antibodies react with in pemphigus vulgaris?
Desmoglein 3
177
What are CS of pemphigus vulgaris?
```
Vesiculobullous dz
Affects oral cavity, mucocutaneous junctions, skin or any combo
Halitosis/excessive salivation
cutaneous lesions in axilla and groin
ucerative paronchyia (nail bed lesions)
```
178
What is the tx for pemphigus vulgaris?
High doses of prednisolone and azathioprine (chlorambucil in cats)
179
Sulphonamides, penicillins and furosemide predispose patients to this form of pemphigus
Bullous pemphigoid
180
What are the CS of bullous pemphigoid?
Cutaneous lesions in groin, axilla, nail bed and oral cavity
| Vesicle/bulla
181
What is the difference between discoid lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus?
Discoid: cutaneous lupus affecting T-HELPER cells
Systemic: affects whole system- T-SUPPRESSOR cells
182
What are t-helper cells activated by in discoid lupus?
Damaged keratinocytes
183
What are the predisposed breeds in discoid lupus?
Collies, GSD, shelties, huskies, brittany spaniels, pointers
184
B-cells are often increased in discoid lupus producing what?
IgM
185
What are the CS of discoid lupus?
Depigmentation, erythema and scaling of the nose
| PE, DLE, and PF all look the SAME
186
What is the method of dx for discoid lupus?
Histopath- thickening of BM zone due to T-cell infiltration
| Anti-nuclear antibody titer and LE cell test
187
What is the treatment for discoid lupus?
Avoid sunlight and apply topical sunscreen
| Corticosteroids, vitamin E, immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive
188
What are the CS seen in systemic lupus erythematosus?
Dogs: fever, polyarthritis, proteinuria and skin disease
| Skin lesions: alopecia, erythema, vesiculobullous to ulcerative disorder
189
What are the two most common drugs causing cutaneous lesions?
penicillin and cephalosporin
190
What is the difference of predictable vs. unpredictable drug reactions?
Predictible: specific drug, dose-dependent
Unpredictible: dose-independent and related to host immunity
191
What are the cutaneous effects of drug reactions?
alopecia, purpura, poor wound healing, hyperpigmentation, pruritus
192
What are the CS of erythema multiforme?
Hydropic degeneration
| Erythematous macules- elevated papules that spread peripherally and clear centrally
193
Where are majority of the erythema multiforme lesions found?
Ventrum, axillae and groin
194
What is the dx test of choice for erythema multiforme?
Histopath- hydropic degeneration
195
This condition contains painful vesiculobullous and ulcerative lesions where the entire epidermis dies and no inflammation is on histopath
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
196
What are the CS of Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Pyrexia, anorexia, lethargy and depression
| Multifocal/generalized vesiculobullous dz
197
What is the dx test of choice for toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Histopath- notice full thickness epidermal necrolysis with minimal inflammation
198
What are the two methods of tx toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Systemic glucocorticoids
| Plasma- needed for proteins because they are often hypoproteinemic from losing protein from severe ulceration
199
What is characterized by purapura, wheals, edema, papules, plaques, nodules, alopecia, scarring and necrosis and ulceration often involving the extremities/periphery?
Vasculitis
200
What is the most common cause of vasculitits in dogs?
Rickettsial autoimmune diseases- Jack russels and dachshunds are predisposed
201
What are the choices of tx for vasculitis?
Pentoxifylline
| Immunosuppressive drugs
202
What are some examples of primary keratinization disorders?
```
Zn responsive dermatosis
Feline acne
Sebaceous adenitis
Primary idiopathic seborrhea
Schnauzer comedo syndrome
Ear margin dermatosis
```
203
What is classified as having dry skin, white to grey flakes and scales?
Seborrhea sicca
| Caused by parasites, fleas, allergies due to inflammation
204
What is classified as having oily skin, greasy feel to hair coat, rancid odor, brown sticky, yellow scales
Seborrhea oleosa
| Most commonly caused by malassezia
205
If pruritus is present with cutaneous crusting dermatoses disorders think of....
Allergies(fleas, atopy and food)
Parasites (sarcoptes and cheyletiella)
Infections (pyoderma, malassezia)
206
If pruritus is not present with cutaneous crusting dermatoses disorders think of....
Pyoderma or malassezia, demodicosis, dermatophytosis
| Endocrine diseases if the signs fit
207
What are the two syndromes of zn responsive dermatosis?
Syndrome 1: decrease capacity to absorb zinc from intestines
| Syndrome 2: dietary deficiency
208
What breeds are predisposed to syndrome 1 zn responsive dermatosis?
Siberian husky, alaskan malamute
| Signs start at 1-3 years
209
What is a common sign seen with zn-responsive dermatosis?
Hyperkeratosis around eyes and footpads
210
What is the tx for zn-responsive dermatosis?
Oral Zn for LIFE
211
What are suspected causes of sebaceous adenitis?
Sebaceous gland destruction/inherited defect
Cell-mediated immunological reaction
Defect in keratinization/obstruction of sebaceous ducts
Abnormal lipid metabolism
212
What dog breeds are pre-disposed to sebaceous adenitis?
Poodles, akitas, vizslas, samoyeds, and belgium shepherds
213
What are clinical signs of sebaceous adenitis?
Bilaterally symmetrical lesions (follicular casts and alopecia)Head, face, pinnae and trunk- non-pruritic
Ceruminous otitis externa (common)
Cats: multifocal annular lesions of scale, crust, broken hairs and alopecia
214
What is the dx method for sebaceous adentitis?
Histopath- inflammation around sebaceous gland
215
What is the tx for sebaceous adenitis?
Keratinolytic shampoos- retinoid or cyclosporine
| Omega 3/6 FA
216
What is another name for vitamin A responsive dermatosis?
Primary idiopathic seborrhea
217
What is the MOA of primary idiopathic seborrhea?
Excessive epidermal turnover- cells not dying off like they should
218
What breeds are commonly seen with primary idiopathic seborrhea?
Cockers, westies, bassets, irsih setters, persians
219
What are the CS of primary idiopathic seborrhea?
```
Severe flakiness all over skin
Weeks to months after birth- mild scaling worsening with age
Follicular casts
Ceruminous otitis common
Secondary infections common
```
220
What is the tx for primary idiopathic seborrhea?
Oral vitamin A- inhibits sebum production and decreases keratin proliferation
may take 6 wks. to see response
Dry skin/hair: chlorhex, allergroom, epi-soothe, humilac, hydra-pearls
Oily skin/Hair coat: degreaser- sebolux or selsun blue
221
What is the inherited dysplasia of hair follicle resulting in comedones on. back in schnauzers?
Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome- Schnauzer Bumps
222
What are clinical signs of schnauzer bumps?
Follicular casts causing secondary folliculitis and furunculosis
223
T/F: There is a cure for schnauzer bumps
FALSE- no cure- can only be controlled
224
What is a condition that looks similar to vasculitis causing scaly condition of ear margins in breeds with pendulous ears- particularly dachshunds
Ear margin dermatosis
225
What are the CS of ear margin dermatosis?
Follicular casts/partial alopecia
226
What is the tx for ear margin dermatosis?
Moisturizing agents for mild cases
| Complicated cases- pentoxifylline
227
What is a disease of the liver that causes cutaneous lesions?
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis- hepacutaneous syndrome
228
What are the CS of hepacutaneous syndrome?
Onset of skin disease occurring BEFORE signs of hepatic/pancreatic disease
FOOTPADS- hyperkeratosis
229
What is the dx method used for superficial necrolytic dermatitis?
Hemogram and CBC- increased liver enzymes
US- honey comb pattern in liver
Biopsy lesions
230
What is a self-induced trauma of skin through excessive licking and chewing?
Acral lick granuloma- behavioral dermatoses
231
What is the treatment for acral lick granuloma?
Tx underlying cause and secondary infection
| If needed- put on tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
232
What is a lupus like disease resulting in nail loss?
Idiopathic lupoid onychodystrophy
233
What is the most common nail disorder in cats?
Idiopathic onychodystrophy
234
What is the treatment for idiopathic lupoid onychodystrophy?
Essential FA, vitamin E
235
What are the two dx approaches to nodular dermatoses?
Cytology: FNA, impression smear, culture
| Bx
236
What is an example of infectious nodular dermatoses in dogs?
Papillomatosis- caused by papilloma virus or idiopathic
237
What are the CS of papillomatosis?
young/immunosuppressed
| Cutaneous lesions
238
What is the dx for papillomatosis?
FNA, excisional bx and histo
239
What are the tx options for papillomatosis?
Azithromycin or topical imiquimod
240
What are the four types of non-infectious nodular dermatoses?
Nodular panniculitis/sterile pyogranuloma
Histiocytic proliferative diseases
Nodular dermatofibrosis
Juvenile cellulitis (puppy strangles)
241
What is panniculitis and steatitis?
Panniculitis: inflammation of SC adipose tissue
Steatitis: inflammation of fatty tissues (yellow fat)
242
What are the tx options for nodular panniculitis?
Corticosteroids, tetracycline + niacinamide, azathioprine, cyclosporine A
243
What are the histiocytic proliferative diseases?
Histiocytoma
Cutaneous histiocytosis
Histiocytic sarcoma
244
Where are histiocytomas usually found?
< 4yr. patients on cranial half of body
| 6m dogs commonly on nose or ears
245
What are the CS of histiocytoma?
Small, round, alopecic, red NODULE
246
What is the dx method for histiocytoma?
Aspiration cyto- see round cells and you know they are histiocytes because of eccentric nucleus
247
T/F: histiocytomas typically spontaneously regress by 4 months
TRUE
248
What is the hystiocytic disease in cats that commonly has a poor prognosis?
Feline proliferative histiocytosis
249
Common presentation of this disease is a GSD coming in with scar tissue forming on legs and ventral abdomen
ALWAYS think kidney problem first
| Nodular dermatofibrosis- associated with bilateral renal cysts, cystadenomas & cystadenocarcinomas
250
What breeds are predisposed to juvenile cellulitis?
AKA puppy strangles
| Goldens, dachshunds, gordon setter
251
What are the CS of juvenile cellulitis?
Resembles pyoderma
| Facial and submandibular swelling, painful and fever
252
What is a cyst?
Epithelial lined cavity with either solid or fluid material
253
T/F: you can manually express keratin inclusion cysts?
FALSE- can cause subsequent furunculosis
254
What is another name for Cobylobia anthrophage?
Mango/Tumbu fly
| Attracted to urine/fecal soiled sites
255
Where are the predilection sites for biting flies and tumbu flies?
Biting flies: tips of ears
| Tumbu flies: tail base, ventral abdomen
256
How should mild skin infections be treated?
TOPICAL meds
| Shampoos- benzoyl peroxide, chlorhex
257
How should severe skin infections be treated?
Systemic therapy
| Cephalexin
