Deprivation

Question 1

AO1 Description

Answer 1

• Deprivation is a loss of an primary attachment figure
• Attachment formed is broken
• Can be short term or long term
• If long-term the effects CAN be irreversible

Question 2

AO1 Causes

Answer 2

• Daycare
• Death
• Divorce
• Hospitalisation

Question 3

Short Term- Protest

Answer 3

The children showed great distress, calling and crying for the absent caregiver, and some appeared panic-stricken.

Question 4

Short Term- Despair

Answer 4

The children became calmer but apathetic as they showed little interest in anything. Rejects comfort from others. Uninterested in other activities. Self-comforting behaviours were observed such as thumb sucking and rocking.

Question 5

Short Term- Detachment

Answer 5

The children appeared to be coping with the separation as they showed more interest in their surroundings. However, the children were emotionally unresponsive. The children avoided forming new attachments and no interest was shown when the caregiver returned, but most children re-established the relationship over time

Question 6

Long Term- critical period

Answer 6

Bowlby felt that children must have the constant presence of the mother/caregiver throughout the critical period (first two years)

Question 7

Long Term- Development

Answer 7

Any breaking of this bond may affect personality/intellectual/social growth/deprivation could result in affectionless psychopathy. The effect of deprivation is permanent and irreversible

Question 8

Long Term- IWM

Answer 8

Deprivation can result in a poor internal working model as a future template for later relationships

Question 9

Reduce by:

Answer 9

• Provide a continuous substitute figure
• Daycare provides a single carer for a child to allow attachments to be formed
• Reduce the time spent away from the attachment figure
• The less time spent in daycare, according to Belsky, the lessened the effects of deprivation on attachment
• If the deprivation is due to divorce, minimising conflict, according to Rutter reducing adverse effects of separation.
• Also maintaining regular contact with estranged partners will reduce separation effects/maintains attachment

Question 10

AO3 Bowlby (1944)

Answer 10

44 juvenile thieves study showed that in a study of 44 thieves vs 44 control group (using interviews) 17/44 juvenile thieves had experienced long term separation from their caregiver for more than a six month period, 14/44 thieves were classified as ‘affectionless’ (32% Vs 0% in control)

Question 11

AO3 Spitz (1946)

Answer 11

found that institutionalised/hospitalised children suffered extreme depression if they remained in an orphanage

Question 12

AO3 Goldfarb (1955)

Answer 12

found that earlier fostering led to more emotionally stable, secure and intelligent adolescents

Question 13

AO3 Rutter (1972)

Answer 13

found that it was the cause of the separation and not the separation itself that caused problems

Question 14

AO3 Robertson & Robertson

Answer 14

found that given good quality care children need not go through PDD process and can recover fully from Deprivation

Question 15

AO3 Fox- study in Kibbutz

Answer 15

Children raised differently in other cultures do not suffer these effects so it is difficult to apply the hypothesis globally

Question 16

AO3 Daycare

Answer 16

has been shown to improve the social skills of children who go there which goes against the hypothesis

Question 17

AO3 Social control

Answer 17

Bowlby’s research has been misunderstood and used to blame parents for childhood neglect

Question 18

AO3 Usefulness

Answer 18

Hospital parents visiting times were drastically improved to avoid maternal deprivation following Bowlby’s research

Question 19

AO3 Reductionist

Answer 19

Bowlby emphasised the role of a single caregiver, however, children may develop attachments with many caregivers, e.g. grand-parents. without signs of deprivation