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Theoretical Models > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What is depression

A

Cognitive features
Emotional factors
Physical factors
Behavioural features

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2
Q

How would the DSM diagnose depression

A 
Over a 2 week period 
Depressed mood all day everyday day
Lost of interest in usually enjoyable activities
Insomnia
Fatigue 
Persistent suicidal thought
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3
Q

What is the manic episode DSM criteria

A 
Over 1 week
Inflated self esteem 
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative than usual
Racing thoughts
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4
Q

What is dsythmic disorder

A

Persistent features of depression

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5
Q

What is the classification for bipolar 1 and 2

A

1 - atleast one manic episode

2- major depressive order and a shorter manic episode

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6
Q

Why is there a high comorbity for depression

A

Depression caused by other problems?
Depression causes other problems
Diagnostic categories
Common underlying process

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7
Q

What are the causes of depression

A 
Vulnerability 
Stressful life events
Being let down 
Sever life events 
Loss 
Humiliation
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8
Q

How does the biological model explain depression

A

Depleted serotonin, noradrenaline and or dopamine

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9
Q

What are the problems with this model

A

Not all depressed people have depleted serotonin levels

SSRIs work within hours but take weeks to work

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10
Q

Depression is associated with a reduced activation of what

A

Prefrontal cortex
Anterior cingulate
Hippocampus

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11
Q

Depression is associated with an increase activity of what

A

Amygdaloid

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12
Q

People with depression have a reduced left PFC which means what

A

They have an increase for developing depression

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13
Q

What stress hormone can be associated with depression

A

Cortisol. Excess cortisol can mean you have a predisposition heightened response to stress

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14
Q

How does the psychodynamic theory explain depression

A

Importance of attachment and relationships in early childhood for the development of the mind and brain

This contributes to the internal representation of themselves and others

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15
Q

What are BLATTS types of depression

A

1- dependant = feelings of loneliness and helplessness which can be a results of neglectful parenting

2- self critical = feelings of unworthiness, failure and guilt which can be a result of critical parenting

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16
Q

Name 5 early events that increase the risk of developing depression

A 
Abuse
Neglect 
Domestic violence 
Loss or spreading 
Over protective parenting
17
Q

How would the behavioural theory explain depression

A

It’s a result of learnt idea that you don’t have control over stopping negative events and therefore you give up trying

18
Q

How would the cognitive model explain depression?

A

Occurs when life events active schemes formed in early childhood

Negative views of oneself
Negative views of the world
Negative review of the future

19
Q

How does CBT work?

A

Identifying and challenging negative automatic thoughts

20
Q

How do you treat bipolar

A

Medication = mood stabilisers and anti - depressants

Psycho education = personal formulation and recognising triggers

21
Q

What is a manic episode

A

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy

22
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder

A

persistent (2yrs) fluctuation between low-level depressive and manic symptoms

23
Q

What gene is associated with the risk of depression

A

s/s allele of serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT)

24
Q

Elevated cortisol lowers what?

A

Serotonin levels

25
Q

How do anti depressants work

A

Increase the neurotransmitter activity in the synapse

26
Q

Early abuse / neglect can lead to what

A

dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

27
Q

What is associated with neurological changes including altered activity of stress-response systems

A

Early emotional maltreatment

28
Q

What increases the risk of depression according to the psychodynamic approach?

A

Evidence that insecure adult attachment style associated with increased risk of depression

29
Q

What are the 3 negative events that depressed people attribute in the behavioural approach

A

Internal – it’s my fault
•Global – it’s ruined everything
•Stable – it’s always going to be like this

30
Q

Depression occurs when what according to the cognitive model?

A

life events activate negative cognitive schemas formed in early childhood.
•These negative schemas underpin negative automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions

31
Q

Why he gender differences?

A

Biological factors?
No clear empirical evidence

  1. Are women more likely to acknowledge depression?
    Yes, but gender differences remain
  2. Childhood environment / adverse experience
    Early traumatic experience; increased risk of sexual abuse
  3. Prior depression and anxiety disorders
    Women at risk of anxiety/depression at a young age

Theoretical Models (11 decks)

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