Depression

Question 1

What is the 12-month prevalence of major depression?

Answer 1

3.7%

Question 2

What is the lifetime prevalence of major depression in international community studies?

Answer 2

6-25%

Question 3

What is the lifetime prevalence of major depression (US)?

Answer 3

16.6%

Question 4

What is the lifetime prevalence of dysthymia (US)?

Answer 4

2.5%

Question 5

What four distinctions are made within depression in DSM-5 and ICD-10?

Answer 5

Major depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymia and cyclothymia

Question 6

What is major depression characterized by?

Answer 6

Episodes of low mood, negative cognition, and sleep and appetite disturbance

Question 7

What is bipolar disorder characterized by?

Answer 7

Episodes of low mood, negative cognition, and sleep and appetite disturbance plus episodes of mania in which elation, grandiosity, flight of ideas and expansive behavior occur.

Question 8

What is dysthymia characterized by?

Answer 8

Depressive symptomatology (at least three symptoms in addition to low mood)

Question 9

What is cyclothymia characterized by?

Answer 9

Similar but less extreme mood fluctuations than bipolar disorder

Question 10

What does major depression and bipolar disorder have in common?

Answer 10

They are both episodic mood disorders

Question 11

What does dysthymia and cyclothymia have in common?

Answer 11

They are both non-episodic chronic conditions of at least two years duration

Question 12

What is the gender distribution of depression?

Answer 12

In children there is none but this changes in adolescence and by adulthood about twice as many women have depression as men

Question 13

What is the comorbidity with anxiety disorders?

Answer 13

59%

Question 14

What is the comorbidity with substance use disorders?

Answer 14

24%

Question 15

What is the comorbidity of personality disorders in clinical samples?

Answer 15

50-85% of inpatient, 20-50% of outpatients

Question 16

How many recover from depression?

Answer 16

About 90%

Question 17

How many with a major depressive disorder commit suicide?

Answer 17

4-7%

Question 18

How many who commit suicide have major depressive disorders?

Answer 18

23-52%

Question 19

What medication is used against depression?

Answer 19

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and novel or dual-action antidepressants

Question 20

What is the diagnostic duration criteria for major depression in DSM-5?

Answer 20

Symptoms present nearly every day for at least two weeks

Question 21

What is the diagnostic key symptoms of major depression in DSM-5?

Answer 21

Depressed mood, markedly diminished interests or pleasure, most of the day, nearly every day

Question 22

What is the diagnostic ancillary symptoms of major depression in DSM-5?

Answer 22

Significant change in appetite or weight, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor retardation or agitation nearly every day, fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day, feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day, diminished ability to think or poor concentrations nearly every day, recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specifik plan or a suicide attempt or a specific suicide plan

Question 23

What is the diagnostic criteria for diagnosis and severity of major depression in DSM-5?

Answer 23

1 key symptom and at least 5 symptoms in total plus clinically significant distress or impairment in social occupational, educational functioning.
(Plus a distinction between mild, moderate or severe depression)

Question 24

What is the diagnostic exclusions criteria of major depression in DSM-5?

Answer 24

No history of manic or hypomanic episode; not due to effects of a substance or a general medical condition; not better explained by another disorder (e.g. schizoaffective disorder)

Question 25

What is the diagnostic recurrent depression criteria of major depression in DSM-5?

Answer 25

Two or more major depressive episodes with at least two months between episodes when criteria are not met for a major depressive disorder

Question 26

What is the diagnostic criteria for major depression with melancholic features in DSM-5?

Answer 26

Either loss of pleasure in almost all activities or lack of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli during worst phase of episode and 3 or more of the following: - Distinct quality of depressed mood - Worse in the morning - Early morning waking - Marked psychomotor agitation or retardation - Significant weight loss - Excessive guilt

Question 27

What is the diagnostic criteria for major depression with mood congruent psychotic features in DSM-5?

Answer 27

Delusions and hallucinations with theme of inadequacy, guilt, disease, death, nihilism, or deserved punishment

Question 28

What is the diagnostic criteria for major depression with mood incongruent psychotic features in DSM-5?

Answer 28

Delusions and hallucinations without depressive theme

Question 29

What is the diagnostic criteria for major depression with anxious distress in DSM-5?

Answer 29

2 of the following: - Tense - Restless - Poor concentrations due to worry - Fear something awful will happen - Fear of loss of control

Question 30

What is the diagnostic criteria for major depression with mixed features in DSM-5?

Answer 30

3 of the following which are not due effect of a drug and do not meet criteria for bipolar disorder: - Elevated mood - Grandiosity - Pressure of speech - Flight of ideas - Increased energy - Excessive risk taking - Decreased need for sleep

Question 31

What is the diagnostic criteria for major depression with atypical features in DSM-5?

Answer 31

During most days there is mood reactivity and 2 or more of the following: - Increased appetite or weight gain - Hypersomnia - Leaden paralysis - Chronic interpersonal rejection sensitivity - Melancholic and catatonic features are absent

Question 32

What is the diagnostic criteria for major depression with catatonia in DSM-5?

Answer 32

3 or more of the following: - Stupor - Cataplexy - Waxy flexibility - Mutism - Negativism - Posturing - Mannerism - Stereotypy - Grimacing - Echolalia - Echopraxia

Question 33

What is the diagnostic criteria for major depression with permpartum onset in DSM-5?

Answer 33

Onset during pregnancy or within a month of delivery

Question 34

What is the diagnostic criteria for major depression with seasonal pattern in DSM-5?

Answer 34

Onset in fall and winter and remission in spring over a 2-year period

Question 35

What is the diagnostic duration of a depressive episode in ICD-10?

Answer 35

Symptoms present nearly every day for at least 2 weeks

Question 36

What is the diagnostic key symptoms of a depressive episode in ICD-10?

Answer 36

Depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in pleasurable activities, decrease energy or increased fatiguability

Question 36

What is the diagnostic ancillary symptoms of a depressive episode in ICD-10?

Answer 36

change in appetite or weight (increase or decrease), disturbed sleep, psychomotor retardation or agitation, low self-esteem or confidence, self-reproach or guilt, reduced concentration and attention, ideas or acts of self-harm or suicide

Question 37

What is the diagnostic criteria for diagnosis and severity of a depressive episode in ICD-10?

Answer 37

Mild depression: - 2 key and 4 symptoms in total Moderate: - 2 key and 6 symptoms in total Severe: - 3 key and 8 symptoms in total

Question 38

What is the diagnostic exclusions of a depressive episode in ICD-10?

Answer 38

No history of manic episodes, not due to substance abuse, an organic disorder or schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

Question 39

What is the diagnostic criteria of a recurrent depressive episode in ICD-10?

Answer 39

At least one previous episode of 2 weeks duration

Question 40

What is the diagnostic somatic syndrome of a depressive episode in ICD-10?

Answer 40

4 of the following must be present and this is commonly associated with severe depression: - Loss of interest or pleasure in pleasurable activities - Lack of emotional reactivity - Waking in the morning 2 hours or more before the usual time - Depression worse in the morning - Psychomotor retardation or agitation - Marked loss of appetite or weight (5% in a month) - Marked loss of libido

Question 41

What is the diagnostic psychotic symptoms of a depressive episode in ICD-10?

Answer 41

Any of the following must be present and this is usually associated with severe depression - Delusions - Hallucinations - Depressive stupor

Question 42

In what group is depression most likely to be diagnosed?

Answer 42

More common in adolescents than pre-adolescents

Question 43

What comorbidity is there for depression in kids?

Answer 43

10-17% for behavioral disorders, anxiety disorders and attention disorders

Question 44

In kids and adolescents how long does a episode of major depression last?

Answer 44

7-8 months