Deodorants and Antiperspirants Flashcards
T/F: Sweat is regulated by sympathetic nervous system, and is a body temperature regulator
True
T/F: Sweat removes waste in our body, but doesn’t remove toxic by-products.
False. Both waste and toxic products are removed
T/F: Sweat is odorless, but bacterial and heat decomposition yields volatile by-products with unpleasant odor
True
These sweat glands are simple, coiled tubular glands with duct that leads directly onto skin surface
Eccrine sweat glands
These sweat glands are larger than eccrine glands and ducts open into hair follicle duct. These become functional at puberty
Apocrine glands
T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are Found all over the body
True
T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are more prominent in palms, soles, axilla and forehead
True
T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are Limited to axilla, anus, and breast
False. Apocrine sweat glands
T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are under psychological and thermal control, the main function is to control body temperature and electrolyte balance
True
T/F: Both Eccrine and Apocrine sweat glands exist from birth, but Eccrine becomes functional from birth
True
T/F: Apocrine sweat glands are true glands because they function continuously
False. Eccrine sweat glands
Eccrine or Apocrine?
Secretion contains water, salts (NaCl/KCl), amino acids, peptides, and electrolytic components (ammonia, uric acid, lactic acid, calcium)
Eccrine
Eccrine or Apocrine?
Secretion is odorless and viscous consisting of lipids, cholesterol, proteins, sulfur-containing amino acids, short- chain FAs, and various steroids
Apocrine
T/F: Apocrine glands are triggered by emotions
True
T/F:
The ratio of eccrine to apocrine glands is 10:1 ratio; for every 1 eccrine gland, there is 10 apocrine gland in the underarm
True
These are topically-applied products designed to reduce or mask unpleasant body odors by reodorization and/or antibacterial action
Deodorants
These are topically-applied products designed to reduce underarm wetness by limiting body transpiration. They inhibit perspiration secreted by eccrine glands usually by forming a temporary plug within the sweat duct.
Antiperspirants
What is the mechanism of action of antiperspirants?
eccrine gland lead to skin surface, antiperspirant will form a plug on the sweat duct so the sweat cannot be released
T/F: Deodorants and antiperspirants are considered cosmetics in the US however, in the Philippines, if the product is only deodorant then it is cosmetic. If it is antiperspirant, with or without the claim of deodorant, it is OTC.
False. Deodorants and antiperspirants are considered cosmetics in the Philippines however, in the US, if the product is only deodorant then it is cosmetic. If it is antiperspirant, with or without the claim of deodorant, it is OTC
T/F: Antiperspirant can be a deodorant (when antiperspirant also possess antibacterial activity), but deodorant cannot be an antiperspirant
True
T/F: Antiperspirant use cannot interfere with the body’s natural cooling process and lead to overheating.
True
This condition is described as abnormal excessive sweating. Profusion of sweat in the axillary sites palms, feet, face, trunk, or combination of these
Hyperhidrosis
Management for Hyperhidrosis
through prescription, antiperspirant, and surgical procedure
T/F: Excessive sweat lead to unpleasant body odor that can adversely affect the person’s ability to attain a normal and healthy quality of life (QoL)
True
Required characteristics of Deodorants
- Neutral or pleasant odor
- Easy to spread
- Pleasant feeling during application
- Well-tolerated and non-allergenic
- Long-term deodorization
- Quick-drying properties
- Non-staining properties
Mechanisms of Action of Deodorants
Odor masking, Odor Neutralizing, Odor Quenching, Odor absorbing/adsorbing, Esterase inhibition, and thru Antimicrobial ingredients
MOA of deodorants
ingredients reduce the perception of odor through blending with underarm odor and masking it.
odor masking
MOA of deodorants
agents chemically neutralize odorous compounds to yield odorless components.
odor neutralizing
MOA of deodorants
ingredients bind to odorous chemicals and form complexes with these materials.
odor quenching
MOA of deodorants
ingredients physically neutralize odorous molecules formed in the axilla via absorption or adsorption to decrease perceived odor.
odor absorbing/adsorbing
MOA of deodorants
(1) act by directly inhibiting enzymes of the underarm bacteria
(2) by shifting the pH optimal for the development of underarm odor (pH 6) to acidic range, which results in odor reduction.
esterase inhibitors
prevent underarm odor formation by inhibiting or deactivating the bacteria responsible for bad odor formation.
thru antimicrobial ingredients
what are the odor-causing bacteria
Corynebacterium, Streptococcus and Propionibacterium species
_________, also known as potassium aluminum sulfate, is more on antimicrobial effects than antiperspirant
tawas
identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:
fragrances
odor masking
identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:
sodium and potassium bicarbonate, zinc carbonate
odor neutralizing
identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:
zinc ricinoleate, zinc oxide, hydroxyapatite
odor quenching
identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:
resins, silicates
odor absorbing/adsorbing
identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:
zinc glycolate, citric acid derivates
esterase inhibitors
identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:
ethanol, triclosan, quaternary ammonium salts
thru antimicrobial ingredients
identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:
glyceryl monolaurate, sucrose monostearate
thru antimicrobial ingredients
identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:
thyme and clove oil
thru antimicrobial ingredients
Mechanism of action of antiperspirants
reversibly block sweat gland secretion by forming a temporary, gelatinous plug in the eccrine duct that reduces, but do not stop, the flow of axillary perspiration
aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum sesquichlorohydrate, and aluminum sulfate
aluminum-based agents
these antiperspirant agents are buffered with glycine to stabilize them and mitigate acidic harshness resulting when applied to underarm axilla.
aluminum-zirconium based agents
These roll-ons are usually opaque O/W emulsions. Usually based on non-ionic surfactants like polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol ethoxylated alcohols, emollients, humectants, hydrophilic thickeners, antioxidants, chelating agents, texturizers (talc or cornstarch), preservatives, and fragrances.
water-based roll-ons
these roll-ons have a shorter drying time and offer a refreshing feeling on application. Contain only alcohol-soluble actives, and usually thickened with hydrophilic polymer.
hydroalcoholic roll-ons
problems/disadvantage of water-based roll-ons
it is more wet when applied and take longer to dry
T/F: Emollients and silicones can be incorporated with proper emulsifiers in hydroalcoholic roll-ons
True
these roll-ons can be formulated as anhydrous products where actives are suspended in volatile silicone oils like cyclomethicone
silicone-based roll-ons
Why do silicone-based roll-ons need thickeners like quaternium-18 hectorite?
to reduce powder sedimentation. Particles size are also reduced as it will take time for it to settle
these solid sticks are based on sodium stearate as a gelling agent. The deodorizing agents and fragrances are dissolved in hydrophilic vehicles based on water and propylene glycol.
Deodorant sticks
Nonionic surfactants like __________________ and _____________ may be employed to make the deodorant stick formulation more transparent.
PPG-3 myristyl ether; isosteareth-20
T/F: deodorant sticks contain preservatives, antioxidants, and chelating agents to improve stability.
True
these solid sticks are usually anhydrous suspensions containing suspended antiperspirant actives in silicone-based vehicle.
antiperspirant sticks
identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:
cyclomethicone, cyclopentasiloxane
quick-drying and dry skin feel
identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:
myristyl myristate, octyldodecanol
skin feel and glideability
identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:
PPG-4 butyl ether
dispersing agent
identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:
stearyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, hydrogenated castor oil
give structure to the stick and act as lubricant
identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:
quaternium-18 hectorite
thickener
identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:
talc, silica
suspending agent
These product formats are W/Si emulsions that appear as transparent formulations which are often associated by consumers with a lack of white residue on the skin. Antiperspirant actives dissolved in water. May also contain alcohol and humectants
extrudable clear gels
T/F: Blend of various concentrations of alcohol and dimethicone copolyol help disperse and solubilize actives
False. Blend of cyclomethicone and dimethicone copolyol help disperse and solubilize actives
T/F: Special silicone blends are used to stabilize the emulsion
True
These product formats are usually white anhydrous silicone suspension pastes. This is where the powdered active is suspended in silicone (cyclopentasiloxane) and/or hydrocarbon (isohexadecane).
extrudable soft solids
extrudable soft solids are thickened with waxes like:
C18-36 acid triglyceride and tribehenin
T/F: extrudable soft solids rub-in quickly, tacky, leave little residue on skin, and deliver high levels of antiperspirant protection
False. Non-tacky
This product format is popular due to hygienic and easy-to-use product form
aerosols
These aerosols contain a solution of deodorant ingredient blended with liquefied propellant. Provide a dry skin feeling as anhydrous formulations.
deodorant aerosols
most commonly used propellants
propane, butane, and isobutane
These aerosols are anhydrous formulations wherein antiperspirant actives are suspended in the product. Usually shaken before use.
antiperspirant aerosols
Vehicles in antiperspirant aerosols consists of volatile ___________. Suspending agents like ___________ and ____________ are used to stabilize the product.
silicone oils; stearalkonium bentonite; hectorite
Properties of antiperspirants
- Antiperspirants are generally _________ (soluble/insoluble) in water
- Aluminum powders tend to leave a visible _________ (white/yellow) residue on the skin or clothing when formulated into anhydrous systems
- Antiperspirants have an acidic pH (_____ to ____) when dissolved in water
- Antiperspirant aerosols contain actives in an _________ (dissolved/undissolved) suspended state
- Antiperspirant actives are ________ (soluble/insoluble) in sweat
- Antiperspirant actives are more readily available and effective is ____________ (water-phase/oil phase) is the external phase of emulsions
soluble
white
4.0 to 4.2
undissolved
soluble
water-phase
Problem: shrinkage of extrudable gel
cause: volatility of _______ in formulations
Remedy: addition of ________ to reduce [answer to cause] lost
alcohol
humectants
Problem: caking of aerosols
Cause: _________ of actives at the bottom of the can
Remedy: use of ________ like bentonite
settling
thickeners
Problem: valve clogging
Cause: _______ particle sizes, ________ thickener concentrations or improper ___________
Remedy: use of ___________
large; high; valve system
silicone oils
Problem: staining and fabric damage
Cause: build-up of ___________ from the product, _________ pH of antiperspirants
Remedy: soaking in slightly ________ solution
aluminum salts; acidic
alkaline
Problem: poor pay-off
Cause: improper type and/or insufficiently high concentration of ________________
Remedy: proper selection of ____________
hardening agents
ingredients
What are the product formats?
roll-ons, solid sticks, extrudable clear gels, extrudable soft gels, and aerosols
What are the performance parameters?
In vitro microbiological testing, In vivo sniff test, and Sweat reduction test for antiperspirants
Cultivation of selected bacteria on agar plates, and evaluation of microbial growth after incubation period
In vitro microbiological testing
T/F: In vitro microbiological testing is reliable to indicate true potential of formulation for malodor control
False. Because what you measured is the bacteria, not the deodorizing effect that’s why this test is always paired with in vivo sniff test
Sensory assessment of body odor by expert sniffers. Intensity of body odor is evaluated while test subjects perform normal activities
In vivo sniff test
This is a phase of in vivo sniff test where subjects use perfume-free, non-antibacterial soap, with no antiperspirant for several days
preconditioning phase
This is a phase of in vivo sniff test where subjects use test and control formulations for a few days
testing phase
In the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants, the antiperspirant meet minimum of ___% sweat reduction in at least ___% of test population for standard effectiveness or minimum of ___% sweat reduction in at least ____% of test population for extra effectiveness. Test subjects must produce at least ____mg of sweat during ___minutes in a controlled environment
20; 50; 30; 50; 100; 20
Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants
Day 1 to day 17
Duration of 17 days
- No application of any product on the axillae
- Use of unscented mild soap provided by laboratory to daily clean armpits at home
Pre-conditioning period
Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants
Day 18
Duration of 1 day
- Selection of volunteers having sufficient sweat rates and sweat odor intensity
Baseline
Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants
Day 19 to day 23
Duration of 5 days
- 5 applications once a day
- Randomized balanced design. Test product on one side/placebo on the other side
Product application
Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants
Day 24: ____ hours efficacy
Day 25: ____ hours of efficacy
- Ambient conditions
- Sweat collection period: 4 hours
- Gravimetric and sweat odor intensity evaluation
- Statistical analysis
24 hours efficacy
48 hours efficacy
