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2nd Shifting PHA6133 LEC > Deodorants and Antiperspirants > Flashcards

Deodorants and Antiperspirants Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Sweat is regulated by sympathetic nervous system, and is a body temperature regulator

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: Sweat removes waste in our body, but doesn’t remove toxic by-products.

A

False. Both waste and toxic products are removed

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3
Q

T/F: Sweat is odorless, but bacterial and heat decomposition yields volatile by-products with unpleasant odor

A

True

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4
Q

These sweat glands are simple, coiled tubular glands with duct that leads directly onto skin surface

A

Eccrine sweat glands

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5
Q

These sweat glands are larger than eccrine glands and ducts open into hair follicle duct. These become functional at puberty

A

Apocrine glands

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6
Q

T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are Found all over the body

A

True

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7
Q

T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are more prominent in palms, soles, axilla and forehead

A

True

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8
Q

T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are Limited to axilla, anus, and breast

A

False. Apocrine sweat glands

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9
Q

T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are under psychological and thermal control, the main function is to control body temperature and electrolyte balance

A

True

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10
Q

T/F: Both Eccrine and Apocrine sweat glands exist from birth, but Eccrine becomes functional from birth

A

True

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11
Q

T/F: Apocrine sweat glands are true glands because they function continuously

A

False. Eccrine sweat glands

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12
Q

Eccrine or Apocrine?

Secretion contains water, salts (NaCl/KCl), amino acids, peptides, and electrolytic components (ammonia, uric acid, lactic acid, calcium)

A

Eccrine

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13
Q

Eccrine or Apocrine?

Secretion is odorless and viscous consisting of lipids, cholesterol, proteins, sulfur-containing amino acids, short- chain FAs, and various steroids

A

Apocrine

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14
Q

T/F: Apocrine glands are triggered by emotions

A

True

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15
Q

T/F:

The ratio of eccrine to apocrine glands is 10:1 ratio; for every 1 eccrine gland, there is 10 apocrine gland in the underarm

A

True

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16
Q

These are topically-applied products designed to reduce or mask unpleasant body odors by reodorization and/or antibacterial action

A

Deodorants

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17
Q

These are topically-applied products designed to reduce underarm wetness by limiting body transpiration. They inhibit perspiration secreted by eccrine glands usually by forming a temporary plug within the sweat duct.

A

Antiperspirants

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antiperspirants?

A

eccrine gland lead to skin surface, antiperspirant will form a plug on the sweat duct so the sweat cannot be released

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19
Q

T/F: Deodorants and antiperspirants are considered cosmetics in the US however, in the Philippines, if the product is only deodorant then it is cosmetic. If it is antiperspirant, with or without the claim of deodorant, it is OTC.

A

False. Deodorants and antiperspirants are considered cosmetics in the Philippines however, in the US, if the product is only deodorant then it is cosmetic. If it is antiperspirant, with or without the claim of deodorant, it is OTC

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20
Q

T/F: Antiperspirant can be a deodorant (when antiperspirant also possess antibacterial activity), but deodorant cannot be an antiperspirant

A

True

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21
Q

T/F: Antiperspirant use cannot interfere with the body’s natural cooling process and lead to overheating.

A

True

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22
Q

This condition is described as abnormal excessive sweating. Profusion of sweat in the axillary sites palms, feet, face, trunk, or combination of these

A

Hyperhidrosis

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23
Q

Management for Hyperhidrosis

A

through prescription, antiperspirant, and surgical procedure

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24
Q

T/F: Excessive sweat lead to unpleasant body odor that can adversely affect the person’s ability to attain a normal and healthy quality of life (QoL)

A

True

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25
Q

Required characteristics of Deodorants

A
  • Neutral or pleasant odor
  • Easy to spread
  • Pleasant feeling during application
  • Well-tolerated and non-allergenic
  • Long-term deodorization
  • Quick-drying properties
  • Non-staining properties
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26
Q

Mechanisms of Action of Deodorants

A

Odor masking, Odor Neutralizing, Odor Quenching, Odor absorbing/adsorbing, Esterase inhibition, and thru Antimicrobial ingredients

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27
Q

MOA of deodorants

ingredients reduce the perception of odor through blending with underarm odor and masking it.

A

odor masking

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28
Q

MOA of deodorants

agents chemically neutralize odorous compounds to yield odorless components.

A

odor neutralizing

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29
Q

MOA of deodorants

ingredients bind to odorous chemicals and form complexes with these materials.

A

odor quenching

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30
Q

MOA of deodorants

ingredients physically neutralize odorous molecules formed in the axilla via absorption or adsorption to decrease perceived odor.

A

odor absorbing/adsorbing

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31
Q

MOA of deodorants

(1) act by directly inhibiting enzymes of the underarm bacteria

(2) by shifting the pH optimal for the development of underarm odor (pH 6) to acidic range, which results in odor reduction.

A

esterase inhibitors

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32
Q

prevent underarm odor formation by inhibiting or deactivating the bacteria responsible for bad odor formation.

A

thru antimicrobial ingredients

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33
Q

what are the odor-causing bacteria

A

Corynebacterium, Streptococcus and Propionibacterium species

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34
Q

_________, also known as potassium aluminum sulfate, is more on antimicrobial effects than antiperspirant

A

tawas

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35
Q

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:

fragrances

A

odor masking

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36
Q

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:

sodium and potassium bicarbonate, zinc carbonate

A

odor neutralizing

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37
Q

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:

zinc ricinoleate, zinc oxide, hydroxyapatite

A

odor quenching

38
Q

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:

resins, silicates

A

odor absorbing/adsorbing

39
Q

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:

zinc glycolate, citric acid derivates

A

esterase inhibitors

40
Q

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:

ethanol, triclosan, quaternary ammonium salts

A

thru antimicrobial ingredients

41
Q

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:

glyceryl monolaurate, sucrose monostearate

A

thru antimicrobial ingredients

42
Q

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient:

thyme and clove oil

A

thru antimicrobial ingredients

43
Q

Mechanism of action of antiperspirants

A

reversibly block sweat gland secretion by forming a temporary, gelatinous plug in the eccrine duct that reduces, but do not stop, the flow of axillary perspiration

44
Q

aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum sesquichlorohydrate, and aluminum sulfate

A

aluminum-based agents

45
Q

these antiperspirant agents are buffered with glycine to stabilize them and mitigate acidic harshness resulting when applied to underarm axilla.

A

aluminum-zirconium based agents

46
Q

These roll-ons are usually opaque O/W emulsions. Usually based on non-ionic surfactants like polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol ethoxylated alcohols, emollients, humectants, hydrophilic thickeners, antioxidants, chelating agents, texturizers (talc or cornstarch), preservatives, and fragrances.

A

water-based roll-ons

47
Q

these roll-ons have a shorter drying time and offer a refreshing feeling on application. Contain only alcohol-soluble actives, and usually thickened with hydrophilic polymer.

A

hydroalcoholic roll-ons

48
Q

problems/disadvantage of water-based roll-ons

A

it is more wet when applied and take longer to dry

49
Q

T/F: Emollients and silicones can be incorporated with proper emulsifiers in hydroalcoholic roll-ons

A

True

50
Q

these roll-ons can be formulated as anhydrous products where actives are suspended in volatile silicone oils like cyclomethicone

A

silicone-based roll-ons

51
Q

Why do silicone-based roll-ons need thickeners like quaternium-18 hectorite?

A

to reduce powder sedimentation. Particles size are also reduced as it will take time for it to settle

52
Q

these solid sticks are based on sodium stearate as a gelling agent. The deodorizing agents and fragrances are dissolved in hydrophilic vehicles based on water and propylene glycol.

A

Deodorant sticks

53
Q

Nonionic surfactants like __________________ and _____________ may be employed to make the deodorant stick formulation more transparent.

A

PPG-3 myristyl ether; isosteareth-20

54
Q

T/F: deodorant sticks contain preservatives, antioxidants, and chelating agents to improve stability.

A

True

55
Q

these solid sticks are usually anhydrous suspensions containing suspended antiperspirant actives in silicone-based vehicle.

A

antiperspirant sticks

56
Q

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:

cyclomethicone, cyclopentasiloxane

A

quick-drying and dry skin feel

57
Q

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:

myristyl myristate, octyldodecanol

A

skin feel and glideability

58
Q

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:

PPG-4 butyl ether

A

dispersing agent

59
Q

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:

stearyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, hydrogenated castor oil

A

give structure to the stick and act as lubricant

60
Q

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:

quaternium-18 hectorite

A

thickener

61
Q

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient:

talc, silica

A

suspending agent

62
Q

These product formats are W/Si emulsions that appear as transparent formulations which are often associated by consumers with a lack of white residue on the skin. Antiperspirant actives dissolved in water. May also contain alcohol and humectants

A

extrudable clear gels

63
Q

T/F: Blend of various concentrations of alcohol and dimethicone copolyol help disperse and solubilize actives

A

False. Blend of cyclomethicone and dimethicone copolyol help disperse and solubilize actives

64
Q

T/F: Special silicone blends are used to stabilize the emulsion

A

True

65
Q

These product formats are usually white anhydrous silicone suspension pastes. This is where the powdered active is suspended in silicone (cyclopentasiloxane) and/or hydrocarbon (isohexadecane).

A

extrudable soft solids

66
Q

extrudable soft solids are thickened with waxes like:

A

C18-36 acid triglyceride and tribehenin

67
Q

T/F: extrudable soft solids rub-in quickly, tacky, leave little residue on skin, and deliver high levels of antiperspirant protection

A

False. Non-tacky

68
Q

This product format is popular due to hygienic and easy-to-use product form

A

aerosols

69
Q

These aerosols contain a solution of deodorant ingredient blended with liquefied propellant. Provide a dry skin feeling as anhydrous formulations.

A

deodorant aerosols

70
Q

most commonly used propellants

A

propane, butane, and isobutane

71
Q

These aerosols are anhydrous formulations wherein antiperspirant actives are suspended in the product. Usually shaken before use.

A

antiperspirant aerosols

72
Q

Vehicles in antiperspirant aerosols consists of volatile ___________. Suspending agents like ___________ and ____________ are used to stabilize the product.

A

silicone oils; stearalkonium bentonite; hectorite

73
Q

Properties of antiperspirants

  • Antiperspirants are generally _________ (soluble/insoluble) in water
  • Aluminum powders tend to leave a visible _________ (white/yellow) residue on the skin or clothing when formulated into anhydrous systems
  • Antiperspirants have an acidic pH (_____ to ____) when dissolved in water
  • Antiperspirant aerosols contain actives in an _________ (dissolved/undissolved) suspended state
  • Antiperspirant actives are ________ (soluble/insoluble) in sweat
  • Antiperspirant actives are more readily available and effective is ____________ (water-phase/oil phase) is the external phase of emulsions
A

soluble

white

4.0 to 4.2

undissolved

soluble

water-phase

74
Q

Problem: shrinkage of extrudable gel

cause: volatility of _______ in formulations

Remedy: addition of ________ to reduce [answer to cause] lost

A

alcohol

humectants

75
Q

Problem: caking of aerosols

Cause: _________ of actives at the bottom of the can

Remedy: use of ________ like bentonite

A

settling

thickeners

76
Q

Problem: valve clogging

Cause: _______ particle sizes, ________ thickener concentrations or improper ___________

Remedy: use of ___________

A

large; high; valve system

silicone oils

77
Q

Problem: staining and fabric damage

Cause: build-up of ___________ from the product, _________ pH of antiperspirants

Remedy: soaking in slightly ________ solution

A

aluminum salts; acidic

alkaline

78
Q

Problem: poor pay-off

Cause: improper type and/or insufficiently high concentration of ________________

Remedy: proper selection of ____________

A

hardening agents

ingredients

79
Q

What are the product formats?

A

roll-ons, solid sticks, extrudable clear gels, extrudable soft gels, and aerosols

80
Q

What are the performance parameters?

A

In vitro microbiological testing, In vivo sniff test, and Sweat reduction test for antiperspirants

81
Q

Cultivation of selected bacteria on agar plates, and evaluation of microbial growth after incubation period

A

In vitro microbiological testing

82
Q

T/F: In vitro microbiological testing is reliable to indicate true potential of formulation for malodor control

A

False. Because what you measured is the bacteria, not the deodorizing effect that’s why this test is always paired with in vivo sniff test

83
Q

Sensory assessment of body odor by expert sniffers. Intensity of body odor is evaluated while test subjects perform normal activities

A

In vivo sniff test

84
Q

This is a phase of in vivo sniff test where subjects use perfume-free, non-antibacterial soap, with no antiperspirant for several days

A

preconditioning phase

85
Q

This is a phase of in vivo sniff test where subjects use test and control formulations for a few days

A

testing phase

86
Q

In the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants, the antiperspirant meet minimum of ___% sweat reduction in at least ___% of test population for standard effectiveness or minimum of ___% sweat reduction in at least ____% of test population for extra effectiveness. Test subjects must produce at least ____mg of sweat during ___minutes in a controlled environment

A

20; 50; 30; 50; 100; 20

87
Q

Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants

Day 1 to day 17
Duration of 17 days

  • No application of any product on the axillae
  • Use of unscented mild soap provided by laboratory to daily clean armpits at home
A

Pre-conditioning period

88
Q

Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants

Day 18
Duration of 1 day

  • Selection of volunteers having sufficient sweat rates and sweat odor intensity
A

Baseline

89
Q

Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants

Day 19 to day 23
Duration of 5 days

  • 5 applications once a day
  • Randomized balanced design. Test product on one side/placebo on the other side
A

Product application

90
Q

Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants

Day 24: ____ hours efficacy
Day 25: ____ hours of efficacy

  • Ambient conditions
  • Sweat collection period: 4 hours
  • Gravimetric and sweat odor intensity evaluation
  • Statistical analysis
A

24 hours efficacy
48 hours efficacy

2nd Shifting PHA6133 LEC (6 decks)

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