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Oral Anatomy > Dental anomalies > Flashcards

Dental anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

what is an anomaly? what causes anomalies?

A
  • something that is out of the ordinary or norm
  • can be extreme variations or slight deviations
  • caused by one or many contributors
  • abnormalities result from intrinsic or extrinsic factors
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2
Q

what are some examples of intrinsic factors?

A
  • hereditary
  • metabolic dysfunction
  • mutations
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3
Q

what are some examples of extrinsic factors?

A
  • physical or chemical trauma
  • biological agents
  • nutritional deficiencies
  • stress
  • habits
  • environmental conditions
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4
Q

what is hereditary?

A
  • means that the condition is because of a genetic factor or factors
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5
Q

what is congenital?

A
  • means that the condition occurs at or before birth
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6
Q

what is a family tendency?

A
  • when a condition exhibits some evidence of an inherited tendency but is inconclusive
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7
Q

what is a developmental anomaly?

A
  • when a condition results during formation and development
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8
Q

classification of anomalies in dentistry

A

anomalies resulting in a variation in the size of teeth are:
- macrodontia: teeth are too large
- microdontia: teeth are too small
anomalies resulting in the variation of the number of teeth are:
- hyperdontia: multiple extra teeth (supernumary)
- anodontia: too few teeth

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9
Q

what is total anodontia?

A
  • when all the teeth are missing
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10
Q

what is partial anodontia?

A
  • when a less than normal number of teeth are present
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11
Q

what is true anodontia?

A
  • the congenital absence of teeth that can occur in both the primary and permanent dentition. when no primary tooth is present than a permanent one will not develop (starts with primary)
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12
Q

which teeth are most likely to be missing?

A

1 - most likely is the missing of the 3rd molars, mx more often than mn
2 - next are permanent mx lateral incisors (1-2% of population)
3 - third most missing tooth is the permanent mn 2nd premolar (1%)

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13
Q

which tooth is the least likely to be missing?

A
  • the canine
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14
Q

what is hyperdontia?

A
  • too many teeth, more common anomaly
  • 0.1-3.6% of people have too many teeth
  • they are referred to as supernumerary teeth
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15
Q

what are supernumerary teeth?

A
  • extra teeth that form in the jaw
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16
Q

what are mesiodens?

A
  • supernumerary teeth that develop in the midline of the mx central incisors
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17
Q

what are distomolars?

A
  • fourth molars located posterior to the 3rd molars
  • termed 9s in the FDI notation
  • mx distomolars are next most common supernumerary after mesiodens
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18
Q

what is a paramolar?

A
  • a supernumerary tooth that is situated buccally or lingually to a molar is called a paramolar, they are usually small and rudimentary
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19
Q

where is a common place for supernumerary teeth to form on the mandible?

A

the premolar area, only 10% of all supernumeraries occur on the mandible though

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20
Q

what is a supplemental supernumerary tooth?

A

when a supernumerary tooth is normal in size and appearance

21
Q

when is a supernumerary tooth termed conical?

A

if it is odd shape or cone-like in appearance

22
Q

when is supernumerary tooth termed a tubercle?

A

if it is very small

23
Q

what is odontoma?

A

a tumorous anomaly of dental tissue. they are:

  • complex
  • compound
24
Q

what is a complex odontoma?

A

a single blob-like mass of dentin, enamel and cementum

25
Q

what is a compound odontoma?

A

several masses that resemble rudimentary teeth but are very small

26
Q

what is dens in dente? when does this occur? where is it most common?

A
  • a tooth within a tooth
  • occurs during development: the outer surface of the crown turns itself inward before mineralization (enamel is growing within the tooth)
  • most common on permanent mx lateral incisors
27
Q

what is dilaceration?

A
  • a tooth that has a very sharp bend in the crown or root

- can make extractions very difficult

28
Q

what are dwarfed roots?

A
  • a condition where the roots are extremely short in comparison to their crowns
29
Q

what is gemination? what can it result in?

A
  • occurs when the tooth attempts to divide itself or partially twin itself by splitting it tooth germ
  • gemination could result in twin teeth, in most cases, geminated teeth are only partially split
  • usually have a single root and share a common pulp canal
30
Q

what is a bifurcated crown?

A
  • a tooth that is split into two crowns and one root

- commonly found in anterior area and the primary dentition

31
Q

what is fusion?

A
  • occurs when two separate tooth germs unite
  • the two teeth may unite along part or the entire length of the root, at the dentin
  • for 2 teeth to be joined there has to be one less tooth than the normal complement of teeth
32
Q

what is concresence?

A
  • type of fusion that occurs after the roots have formed
  • thought to occur sometime post trauma
  • involves 2 adjacent roots contacting each other and fusing by deposition of cementum
  • can occur before or after eruption
33
Q

what is hypercementosis?

A
  • deposition of an excess of secondary cementum (usually at the apex) but can occur along the entire apical root 1/3
  • cementoma is a form of hypercementosis that is affiliated with localized destruction of bone
34
Q

what are enamel pearls?

A
  • small masses of enamel on the root surface apical to the CEJ. they are often found in bifurcated or trifurcated area of multirooted teeth
35
Q

what is enamel dysplasia?

A

abnormalities of tooth structure. includes 2 different types of abnormal enamel development:

  • enamel hypoplasia
  • enamel hypocalcification
36
Q

what is enamel hypoplasia? what is the result of this?

A
  • any condition that inhibits enamel formation
  • a disturbance of or damage to ameloblasts during enamel matrix formation.
  • results in an alteration of tooth form and colour. may leave small pits or grooves at different levels of the crown
37
Q

what is enamel hypocalcification? what can cause it?

A

local disturbance in the enamel formation, can be caused by:

  • inflammation/local infection
  • fever
  • systemic disease (deficiencies in vitamin A, C, D, Calcium or Phosphorous)
  • measles, chicken pox, scarlet fever (due to increased body temp)
  • heredity
38
Q

what are hutchinson’s incisors? what causes this?

A
  • notched incisors sometimes described as screwdriver shaped
  • form as a result of prenatal syphilis
  • mulberry molars: irregular shaped molars with poorly formed cusps
  • both are characteristics of congenital syphilis
39
Q

what is enamel fluorosis?

A
  • enamel hypoplasia resulting from fluoride ingestion

- caused by excessive systemic fluoride in the tooth structure during development

40
Q

what can cause fluorosis?

A
  • naturally with well water that contains excessive amounts of fluoride
  • accidentally by a child taking too much fluoride via fluoride supplements, mouthwashes and toothpastes
41
Q

how does fluorosis appear? what do we call this appearance?

A

as mild white flecks to larger opaque areas to even brown rough freckle-like areas on the crown
- termed mottled enamel

42
Q

what is amelogenesis imperfecta? how does the enamel appear?

A
  • another developmental anomaly related to enamel hypoplasia
  • this is a hereditary factor rather than acquired
  • usually affects both primary and permanent dentitions, though sometimes can affect only permanent
  • enamel, when present, is: thin, stained various shades of yellow and brown, chips easily
  • pt may claim to have soft teeth
43
Q

what is turners tooth?

A
  • hypoplasia of a single tooth
  • usually occurs on permanent mx anterior tooth due to: localized infection of a primary tooth or trauma to a developing tooth. either way, the ameloblastic layer is disturbed.
44
Q

what is enamel hypocalcification?

A
  • often appears as a localized white spot on the middle third of smooth crowns
  • the underlying enamel may be soft and susceptible to caries
45
Q

what is dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • a hereditary dentin developmental anomaly
  • dentin is coloured grey, brown or yellow
  • key feature to this anomaly is: that the pulp chambers and root canals are completely filled in with dentin. this occurs because the odontoblasts continue to produce dentin until the pulp chambers and canals are filled
  • enamel tends to chip away because the poorly developed dentin underneath is not supportive
  • may loose teeth prematurely
46
Q

what is tetracycline staining?

A
  • this condition occurs when an expectant mother or a young child with developing teeth takes the antibiotic tetracycline
  • the teeth range from yellowish to brownish or greyish to blue
47
Q

common teeth to have abnormal crown shapes:

A
  • mx 3rd molars followed by mn 3rd molars
  • permanent mx lateral incisors can be pegged - more than 1% of the population
  • mn 2nd premolars - 3 cusp form
  • accessory cusps or tubercles on any teeth can occur
48
Q

common teeth to have abnormal root formation:

A
  • mx 2nd premolars can be bifurcated
  • mx 1st premolar 40% have single root
  • mn premolars and canines can have accessory roots, usually at the apex
  • root or crown dilaceration (more than a 40 degree bend) in 3rd mn molars
  • mx teeth with dwarfed roots are not uncommon. can also happen with mn incisors
  • hypercementosis can occur on any tooth and appears first as a radiolucent area then turns opaque as it is more mineralized - is not pathologic

Oral Anatomy (20 decks)

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