Demography - migration

Question 1

Migration and demographics

Answer 1

Migration affects the size/age of the population
→ Immigration = movement into society
→ Emigration = movement out
→ Net migration = difference between im/em

Until 1980s, more emigrants than immigrants

Question 2

Immigration and demographics

Answer 2

→ Results in ethnically diverse society
→ Immigration acts in 60s-90s restricted non-white immigration

White EU countries are main source of UK immigration

Question 3

Emigration and demographics

Answer 3

→ UK used to be a net exporter of people (more em. than imm.)
- Mostly to US/CAN/AUS/NZ/SA

→ Usually economic factors caused this
-Push factors; recession/unemployment at home
- Pull factors; higher wages/opportunities abroad

→ Contracts with immigrant reasons - many people immigrated to UK due to persecution

Question 4

Impact of migration on population size

Answer 4

→ Increase due to immigration
→ Natural increase in births; non-UK mothers account for 25% of all births
- still below replacement level of 2.1 per woman
→ If not for net migration, population would be shrinking

Question 5

Impact of migration on age structure

Answer 5

→ Lowers avg. age of population directly + indirectly
- Direct; immigrants usually younger
- Indirect; young immigrants = more fertile, have kids

Question 6

Impact of migration on dependency ratio

Answer 6

→ More likely to be of working age; lowers DR
- Many older migrants will return to home country to retire

→ Produce more children, so increase ratio
- Lowers long term as they join labour force

→ Overall impact of DR is reduced over time

Question 7

United Nations – acceleration of migration

Answer 7

International migration is speeding up
→ Increased 33% 2000-2013

Question 7

Differentiation – globalisation

Answer 7

→ Different types of migrants; temp workers, spouses, forced migration
- Legal and illegal

→ Globalisation diversifies migrant types; students are a major group
→ Pre-90s most came from former colonies who had a right to settle

Question 8

Cohen – differentiation

Answer 8

3 types of migrants

→ Citizens with full rights
→ Denizen; privileged foreign nations e.g. oligarchs
→ Helots; most exploited, found in unskilled work

Question 9

Vertovec – differentiation

Answer 9

Globalisation leads to superdiversity
→ Migrants come from more countries
→ More dispersed across UK

Question 10

Feminisation of migration

Answer 10

→ More migrants are female now
→ Fitted into patriarchal stereotypes; roles as carers/providers of sexual service
→ Gap of women in the services industry is filled by women from poor countries

Question 11

Ehrenreich & Hochschild – feminisation of migration

Answer 11

Care/domestic/sex work is increasingly done by women from poor countries because…
→ Western women/men unwilling to do domestic labour
- Western women joining labour force

Question 12

Shutes – feminisation of migration

Answer 12

40% of adult care nurses in UK are migrants, mostly female

Question 13

Global transfer of womens emotional labour – feminisation of migration

Answer 13

→ Nannies provide care to employers’ children
→ At expense of their own children from their home country

Question 14

Mail order brides – feminisation of migration

Answer 14

→ Women entering western countries to marry
→ Reflects gender/racial stereotypes

Question 15

Migrant identities

Answer 15

→ Sources of identities come from many places
→ Country of origin often provides additional identity
→ Hybrid identities; 2+ sources of ID
→ Transnational identities; not belonging to just one place

Question 16

Eade – hybrid identities

Answer 16

Bangladeshi Muslims had hierarchical hybrid identities
→ Muslim, then Bengali, then British
→ May find others challenge their identity

Question 17

Eriksen – transnational identities

Answer 17

Globalisation has created diverse migration patterns

→ Back-and-forth movements, rather than permanent settlement
→ Can sustain global ties without travelGlobalisation has created diverse migration patterns

Question 18

Eriksen – links to other migrants

Answer 18

People may have links to migrants globally, more than just their country of origin or settlement

→ Chinese migrants in Rome had connections with other Chinese worldwide
→ Makes immigrants less likely to desire assimilation into host culture

Question 19

Politicisation of migration

Answer 19

→ States have immigration control policies
- Linked to anti-terrorism policies

→ Assimilation was first state policy approach
- Encouraging immigrants to adopt language/values of host culture
- Transnational migrants may not want to view themselves as belonging to just one nation

→ Multiculturalism; accepts migrants want to retain a separate identity, but often limited to superficial diversity
- Move to this since 60s, apprehensive to do so since 9/11

Question 20

Evaluation of politicisation of migration

Answer 20

→ Assimilation policies could encourage workers to blame migrants for social issues eg unemployment

→ Multicultural ed policies only celebrate shallow diversity; fail to address deeper issues of racism

Question 21

Castles – assimilation

Answer 21

Assimilation policies are counterproductive

→ Mark out minorities as culturally ‘other’

Question 22

Eriksen – multiculturalism

Answer 22

Shallow diversity is acceptable to the state

→ e.g. chicken tikka masala as UK national dish
→ Ignore deep diversity e.g. arranged marriages and veiling