Demography- death rate and life expectancy Flashcards
How has the death rate declined?
1902- 18 per 1000
IMR 142 per 1000
Today this is 4.1
Today LE = 79 men, 83 women
What is the death rate?
Sometimes known as the mortality rate
- number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
What is life expectancy?
An estimate of how long the average person can be expected to live
What is the Infant Mortality Rate?
The number of deaths of babies in the first year of their lives per 1,000 live births per year
What are the 5 reasons for decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
1- Hygiene sanitation and knowledge
2- Higher living standards
3- The welfare state
4- Improved living conditions
5- Medical advancements
1- How can public hygiene and sanitation led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Improved since the 19th century
- sewer systems
- clean running water
1- How has the elimination of epidemics led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Elimination of great epidemic killers
- cholera, typhoid, diphtheria
- spread through infected water/food
1- How has improved knowledge and education led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Public informed about their own health
- greater understanding
- wash hands, wear masks
1- How has better diet and nutrition led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Understanding of healthy eating
- eat well plate
Fruits and vegetables
- 5 a day campaign
2- How has wages, amenities led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Higher wages= better food= gym, holidays
- more amenities/appliances, fridge keeps food in good conditions
2- How does conditions in the home lead to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Less damp, inside toilets, central heating
- affluent= more money
2- How has transportation and food technology led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Wider range of food
- stored safer and longer
- more balanced diet
3- What is the welfare state?
A safety net of care
- NHS, benefits, care for all members of the population
- poverty, poor health, housing, education, unemployment, ‘giant evils’
3- What did the Welfare state provide?
NHS, system of benefits
- national state education
- job centres, free school meals
- antenatal/postnatal care
- health visitors, community midwives
4- How has technology led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Dangerous, health damaging tasks, robots
- factory machinery is safer
- child labour is illegal
- technology replaces people
4- How has health and safety led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Health and safety regulations
- shorter working hours
- more leisure time
5- How has advances in medicine and science led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Vaccines, penicillin, antibiotics
- TB, measles, whooping cough
- increase life expectancy, reduce CH illness
Non infectious degenerative diseases
(cancer/heart disease)
5- How has surgery and medical technology led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?
Transport surgery, declining death rate
- heart and brain surgery
- postnatal care, less babies dying
What does MCKOWN see as the most important of these factors?
Improvements in standard of living, especially diet
- much more important than technological advancements in medicine
Why are these improvements no felt equally by all members of society?
X postcode lottery of care
X inequalities in health
X inverse care law, people who need it more don’t get it
X occupational health problems
X work related stress
X food banks
What are the positive consequences of an increase in life expectancy?
- involvement of grandparents in childcare, modified extended family
- more time available with elderly family members
- more workers for economy
- people working for longer
What are the negative consequences of an increase in life expectancy?
X retirement ag increases
X ageing population not replaced by as many babies
X more amount o money spent on elderly
X increases stress for sandwich generation, prolonged
X no family members to care for them
X increases in bean pole families
X greater dependence ratio
X costs to state health demands
X more divorce, remarriage, silver splitters
X demand on pensions, state, private and informal elderly care
