Demography- death rate and life expectancy

Question 1

How has the death rate declined?

Answer 1

1902- 18 per 1000
IMR 142 per 1000
Today this is 4.1
Today LE = 79 men, 83 women

Question 2

What is the death rate?

Answer 2

Sometimes known as the mortality rate
- number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

Question 3

What is life expectancy?

Answer 3

An estimate of how long the average person can be expected to live

Question 4

What is the Infant Mortality Rate?

Answer 4

The number of deaths of babies in the first year of their lives per 1,000 live births per year

Question 5

What are the 5 reasons for decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 5

1- Hygiene sanitation and knowledge
2- Higher living standards
3- The welfare state
4- Improved living conditions
5- Medical advancements

Question 6

1- How can public hygiene and sanitation led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 6

Improved since the 19th century
- sewer systems
- clean running water

Question 7

1- How has the elimination of epidemics led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 7

Elimination of great epidemic killers
- cholera, typhoid, diphtheria
- spread through infected water/food

Question 8

1- How has improved knowledge and education led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 8

Public informed about their own health
- greater understanding
- wash hands, wear masks

Question 9

1- How has better diet and nutrition led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 9

Understanding of healthy eating
- eat well plate
Fruits and vegetables
- 5 a day campaign

Question 10

2- How has wages, amenities led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 10

Higher wages= better food= gym, holidays
- more amenities/appliances, fridge keeps food in good conditions

Question 11

2- How does conditions in the home lead to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 11

Less damp, inside toilets, central heating
- affluent= more money

Question 12

2- How has transportation and food technology led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 12

Wider range of food
- stored safer and longer
- more balanced diet

Question 13

3- What is the welfare state?

Answer 13

A safety net of care
- NHS, benefits, care for all members of the population
- poverty, poor health, housing, education, unemployment, ‘giant evils’

Question 14

3- What did the Welfare state provide?

Answer 14

NHS, system of benefits
- national state education
- job centres, free school meals
- antenatal/postnatal care
- health visitors, community midwives

Question 15

4- How has technology led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 15

Dangerous, health damaging tasks, robots
- factory machinery is safer
- child labour is illegal
- technology replaces people

Question 16

4- How has health and safety led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 16

Health and safety regulations
- shorter working hours
- more leisure time

Question 17

5- How has advances in medicine and science led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 17

Vaccines, penicillin, antibiotics
- TB, measles, whooping cough
- increase life expectancy, reduce CH illness
Non infectious degenerative diseases
(cancer/heart disease)

Question 18

5- How has surgery and medical technology led to decreasing death rates and higher life expectancy?

Answer 18

Transport surgery, declining death rate
- heart and brain surgery
- postnatal care, less babies dying

Question 19

What does MCKOWN see as the most important of these factors?

Answer 19

Improvements in standard of living, especially diet
- much more important than technological advancements in medicine

Question 20

Why are these improvements no felt equally by all members of society?

Answer 20

X postcode lottery of care
X inequalities in health
X inverse care law, people who need it more don’t get it
X occupational health problems
X work related stress
X food banks

Question 21

What are the positive consequences of an increase in life expectancy?

Answer 21

• involvement of grandparents in childcare, modified extended family
• more time available with elderly family members
• more workers for economy
• people working for longer

Question 22

What are the negative consequences of an increase in life expectancy?

Answer 22

X retirement ag increases
X ageing population not replaced by as many babies
X more amount o money spent on elderly
X increases stress for sandwich generation, prolonged
X no family members to care for them
X increases in bean pole families
X greater dependence ratio
X costs to state health demands
X more divorce, remarriage, silver splitters
X demand on pensions, state, private and informal elderly care