Demography - Births Flashcards

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1
Q

What does demography study?

A

Population, including factors affecting its size and growth.

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2
Q

What factors affect the population?

A

1) . Births and immigration = increase the population.

2) . Deaths and emigration = decrease the population.

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3
Q

What is natural change?

A

The number of births minus the number of deaths.

(deaths over births).

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4
Q

What is net migration?

A

The number of immigrating into a country minus the number emigrating from it.

(immigration over emigration).

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5
Q

How much has the UK’s population grew by since 1901?

A

From 37m to 65m today.

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6
Q

What is the main cause in the growth of population in the UK?

A

Natural change rather than net migration.

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7
Q

What are the 2 measures of births?

A

1) . The birth rate.

2) . The total fertility rate.

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8
Q

What is the birth rate?

A

The number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year.

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9
Q

What is the trend in the birth rate?

A
  • Declining.
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10
Q

What statistics support the long-term decline in the birth rate?

A

1900 = 29.

2014 = 12.2 (fallen more than 60%).

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11
Q

What fluctuations have there been in the birth rate?

A

3 ‘baby booms’?

  • After the world wars = people missed their families.
  • Then in the 1960s.
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12
Q

What else happened to the birth rate?

A

Fell in 70s, rose again in 80s and 90s, fell again until 2001.

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13
Q

What is the total fertility rate?

A

The average number of children a mother will have during her fertile years (15-44).

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14
Q

What is the trend of the total fertility rate?

A
  • 1960s ‘baby boom’ =

average 2.95 children per women.

  • 2001 =

declining to the lowest of 1.63.

  • 2014 =

rising slightly to 1.83.

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15
Q

How does the total fertility rate affect family size?

A

The more children, the bigger the family.

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16
Q

What else affects family size?

A

Family size doesn’t just depend on the number of children =

  • e.g. divorce divides family into 2 smaller ones and reduces the chance of the woman having more children.
17
Q

What are the 2 important trends in births?

A

1) . More women are remaining childless.

2) . Women are having children at a later age (ave. over 30).

18
Q

What are the 4 causes in the declining birth rate?

A

1) . Changes in the position of women.
2) . Fall in infant mortality rate.
3) . Children as an economic liability.
4) . Child-centredness.

19
Q

What were the major changes in women’s position in the 20th Century?

A

1) . Increased equal opportunities.
2) . More women working.
3) . Changes in attitudes to family life and women’s role.
4) . Easier access to divorce rate.
5) . Access to abortion and contraception.

20
Q

What did Sue Harper (2012) argue about the decline in birth rate?

A

Better-educated women have more options; it has led to women choosing a career, and delaying birth and marriage.

21
Q

What is an example that supports Harper’s claim?

A

2012 = 1/5 women aged 45 was childless; doubled since 25 years ago.

22
Q

What is the infant mortality rate (IMR)?

A

Number of infants who die before their 1st birthday, per 1,000 babies born alive, per year.

23
Q

What is the trend in the IMR?

A

Fallen in the last century.

24
Q

What statistics are there for the fall in the IMR?

A

1900 = 154.

2016 = 4.

25
Q

How has the fall in the IMR affected the birth rate?

A

It could cause a fall in the birth rate; if infants survive, parents will have fewer.

26
Q

What is the reason for the fall in the IMR?

A

1). Improved housing; better sanitation =

people flushed toilets and drank clean water.

2) . Better nutrition; including that of the mothers.
3) . Better knowledge of hygeine, child welfare and health; often spread via women’s magazines.
4) . Fall in married women working =

improved theirs and their babies health.

5). Improved services for women; antenatal and postnatal clinics.

27
Q

How were children an ‘asset’ for the family in the 19th century?

A

Children went out to work.

28
Q

How are children an economic liability?

A

1). Laws banning child labour =

also raising the school leaving age meant they could no longer work, being dependent on their families.

2). Changing norms =

children expect the right for higher standards of living (more materials).

29
Q

How has children becoming an economic liability affected the falling birth rate?

A

Parents are unable to afford to have a large family.

30
Q

How has families being more child-centred resulted in smaller families.

A

As childhood is now socially constructed, families prefer ‘quality’ over ‘quantity’; parents have fewer children and pay more attention to the ones they do have.

31
Q

What is the future trend in the birth rate?

A

It has slightly increased since 2001;

  • Due to immigration; women outside of the UK have a higher fertility rate.
  • 25% of births in 2011 were mothers from outside the UK.
32
Q

What are the impacts of these reasons on the falling birth rate?

A

1) . Women are freer to go to work = dual earner couple.
2) . Dependency ratio.
3) . Public services.

33
Q

How has the fall in births impacted the dependency ratio?

A

Fewer births means fewer children dependent =

  • ‘burden of dependency’ on the working population is reduced as less children are using their taxes.
34
Q

How has the fall in birth rate impacted the number of public services needed?

A

Fewer schools and child services needed, and less spent of maternity/paternity leave =

these are political decisions - e.g. the government can either choose to have fewer schools or smaller classes.