Demography Birth Rates

Question 1

Birth rates

Answer 1

Use the concept of birth rates to measure births per thousand of the population per year

Question 2

What has the decline in birth rates been

Answer 2

Been a decline since 1900
In that year England and wales had a birth rate of 28.7 but by 2014 tbhad fallen to 12.2.

Question 3

However there have been three baby booms in the 20th century

Question 4

Reason for the decline in the birth rates

Answer 4

1. Changes in women’s position
2. Decline in infant mortality rate
3. Children are an economic liability
4. Child cantered

Question 6

Changes in women’s positions

Answer 6

Legal equality resulting in greater educational opportunities and paid employment. Changes in attitude to family life and women’s roles.Access to divorce Access to abortion and reliable contraception

Question 7

Harper (2012)

Answer 7

The education of women is the most important reason for the long-term fall in birth and fertility rates. Many women now use contraception and are career focused so delay having children.
She argues that once a pattern of low fertility lasts for more than one generation,cultural normals about family size change I.e. smaller families becomes the Suggest why harper argues that the decline in in infant mortality has led to a decline in the birth rate

Question 8

Decline in infant mortality

Answer 8

In 1900 the IMR in 2012 it was

Question 10

Children are an economic liability

Answer 10

Until the 19th century children where econ,if assets because they would be sent to work however with changes in laws and norms, children are now an economic liability.
As of the financial pressure people choose to not have children/have more children.

Question 11

Laws on economic liability

Answer 11

Laws - banning child labour and introducing and extending compulsory schooling has led to children being economically dependant in their parents for longer. Norms- children have a right to expect things from their parents in material terms

Question 12

Child centeredness

Answer 12

In terms of family size, child centeredness has encourages a shift from quantity to quality - parents now have fewer children and spend more attention and resources on the few children they have

Question 13

Future trends in birth rates

Answer 13

Despite there being an overall decrease in birth rates in 2001 there was an increase. Due to immigration - women from outside the uk have a higher fertility rate than those born in the uk. Babies born to mothers from outside the UK accounted for 25% of all births in the UK in 2011.

Question 14

How does brexit and a tightening of boarder control effect birth rates

Answer 14

Due to tighter boarder control which limits immigration