Demography Flashcards
What are the focus points of individual perspective?
Health
Risk factors
Exposure
Causal mechanism
What are the focus points of population perspective?
Disorders
Causal mechanism
Exposure
Which perspective does epidemiology focus on?
Population perspective
Which of the following are classed as ‘proximal’ and ‘distal’ in the run up to disease
Individual level factors
Population level factors
Individual: proximal - immediate precursor of the health outcome
Population: distal - determine the presence of individual factors of disease
What are some key health related demographic events?
Birth Marriage Migration Ageing Death
What are some reasons for the delay in giving birth between 1960-present
Contraception more accessible
More women becoming educated
What is the birth rate?
The ratio of the number of births during a time period divided by a reference population
What is the crude birth rate?
Total number of live births / total population mid year
Why is the mid year population used in some formula?
If the population is steadily growing the mid year population is an average number of people in the population at any given day
What is the general fertility rate?
Expresses the number of births in a year relative to the number of women of reproductive age
What must a comparison of mortality rates account for?
The age and gender distributions of the groups being compared
What is life expectancy also seen as?
A summary of mortality rates at a given age
What are some factors which explain the increase in life expectancy between 1920-present
Improvements in nutrition, hygiene, living conditions, education, immunisations and reductions in maternal mortality
What is the period life expectancy?
At a given age for an area is the average number of years a person would live.
What is the cohort life expectancy?
Calculated using age-specific mortality rates that allow for known or projected changes in mortality in later years and are thus regarded as a more appropriate measure of how long a person of a given age would be expected to live, on average, than period life expectancy.
What is the pattern of migration seen, since 2000
Cyclic
What is a population pyramid?
A representation of age strata by using stacked bars
What does the width of a population pyramid bar indicate?
Corresponds to the proportion of men or women depending on which side
What are the features of a rapid growth pyramid?
Wide to narrow (The Shard)
What are the features of a slow growth pyramid?
Similar widths to narrow (Big Ben)
What are the features of a decrease pyramid?
Narrow - wide - narrow
What does comparing population pyramids show?
Rise and falling birth rates and population ageing populations
What is the rate of natural increase?
The difference between the birth and death rate
What is the demographic transition?
A general pattern of changes in death rates, population growth and birth rates that appears during the process of modernisation
What are the 4 stages of the demographic transition?
- pre-transition period - birth and death rates high
- Transition period - death rates begin to fall but birth rate remains high
- birth rate begins to decline and exceeds decline in death rate
- Birth rate joins death rate
What is the TFR?
The total fertility rate - how man children, on average, a woman will have during her reproductive lifetime
