Demographic indicators, demographic transition, epidemiologic transition Flashcards
What is crude birth rate?
The crude birth rate indicates the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year.
What is the crude death rate?
The death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year
What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?
Number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates
Is an excellent summary measure because it accounts for the age-sex distribution of the population
Describe the Demographic PRE-transition.
Crude birth rate and crude death rate both at a high level, resulting in low net population growth
Describe the Demographic MID-transition.
Lower crude death rate and higher crude birth rate means rapid population growth (esp in first 50-75 years of the 20th century)
Describe the Demographic POST-transition.
Crude birth rate and crude death rate both at a low level, resulting in a return to little net population growth
What is the most important reason that mortality drops quickly, but fertility takes a long time to drop?
It takes time for attitudes to shift in favor of smaller families
What is a population pyramid?
An age “pyramid” portrays the age-sex distribution of a population
Youngest at the bottom, oldest at the top
Males are on the left, females on the right
Describe the pattern of disease burden in 1948.
Fairly consistent pattern in low-income countries re disease burden: Most disease burden related to infectious disease, maternal and child health problems
Little distinction to be made between “tropical public health” and “international health” in low-income countries
Describe the pattern of disease burden in 2024.
Infectious disease still very much with us but no much less important in middle-income countries and somewhat less important in low-income countries
Emergence of chronic, non-infectious disease as major problems in all countries
Recognition of importance of injuries, mental health conditions, etc.
No longer true that tropical health is global health
role of global health professionals has changed: assess pattern of disease burden in countries and regions, priority setting, identify actions to be taken for both
Expanded range of interventions. Not only antibiotics and insecticides, but also: Cancer screening and treatment, and diabetes and hypertension management
What are Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)?
A way of summarizing the total mortality, morbidity, and disability due to a given cause of ill health
Total disease burden due to a condition = disease burden attributable to pre-mature mortality + disease burden due to morbidity and disability
What are the two ways that years of life from premature mortality lost are adjusted?
- Value of a healthy year of life at any age varies: Less weight to children and elderly, more weight to young adults, maximum value at age 25
- Discounting: Years far into the future count for less than years in the immediate future
Describe the Epidemiologic Transition
- Change in disease burden (loss of DALYs) from acute to predominantly chronic diseases
- Change in disease burden (loss of DALYs) from infectious to predominantly non-infectious diseases
What are the links between the 4 transitions?
