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Year 3 - Neuro > Dementia > Flashcards

Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of dementia presents with behaviour and language changes?

A

Frontotemporal

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2
Q

Which type of dementia presents with hallucinations?

A

Lewy-body

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3
Q

Which type of dementia is associated with prev stroke?

A

Vascular

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4
Q

Outline the pathology in Alzheimer’s

A

Wide spread degeneration of cortical neurones
Presence of protein plaques (abnormally folded amyloid)
Neurofibrillary tangles

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5
Q

What are the risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Mid-life diabetes
Vascular risk factors
Systemic or CNS inflammation

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6
Q

Which genes are implicated in Alzheimer’s?

A

Amyloid precursor protein
Beta-amyloid
Presenillin 1 and 2
Apolipoprotein

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7
Q

How does Alzheimer’s present?

A

Progressive memory decline
Visulo-spatial problems
Hallucinations and delusions come in at late stage

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8
Q

What does Alzheimer’s show on MRI?

A

Brain atrophy in temporal lobe and hippocampus

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9
Q

How is Alzheimer’s managed?

A

ACh inhibitors

NMDA inhibitors

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10
Q

Give examples of ACh inhibitors

A

Donepezil
Rivastigmine
Galantamine

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11
Q

Give examples of NMDA inhibitors?

A

Memantine

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12
Q

What is the approx. survival from onset of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

8 years

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13
Q

Outline the pathology present in vascular dementia

A

Ischaemic necrosis

Fibrous and hyaline degeneration in small arteries causing white matter ischaemia

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14
Q

What are the 3 main patterns in vascular dementia?

A

Stepwise
Sudden - after multiple silent strokes
Stepwise subcortical

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15
Q

What does CT show in vascular dementia?

A

Areas of infarction

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16
Q

How is vascular dementia managed?

A

Secondary prevention of further stroke

17
Q

Outline the pathology present in Lewy-Body dementia

A

Depositions of Lewy-bodies - aggregations of proteins within nerve cells

18
Q

How does Lewy-Body dementia present?

A

Symmetrical extra-pyramidal features
Persistent, detailed hallucinations
Dysphagia, dyspraxia

19
Q

What does MRI show in Lewy-body dementia?

A

Generalised cerebral atrophy

20
Q

How is Lewy-Body dementia treated?

A

Rivastigmine

Levodopa at start

21
Q

Where are mutations found in familial frontotemporal dementia?

A

Microtubule associated protein tau

Progranulin

22
Q

How does protein tau normally work?

A

Facilitates axonal transport through microtubular protein interactions

23
Q

Outline the pathology present in familial frontotemporal dementia

A

Phosphorylated protein tau and ubiquitin protein inclusions affect functioning in frontal and temporal lobes

24
Q

How does frontotemporal dementia present?

A

Language disturbance, personality or behaviour changes

25
Q

What is the average survival from symptom onset in frontotemporal dementia?

A

6-11 years

26
Q

Which condition is associated with an abnormal, transmissible prion protein isoform?

A

CJD dementia

Year 3 - Neuro (19 decks)

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