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Year 3 - Neuro > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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2
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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3
Q

What does the prosencephalon develop to become?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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4
Q

What does the mesencephalon go on to become?

A

Mesencephalon

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5
Q

What does the rhombencephalon develop to become?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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6
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus

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7
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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8
Q

What is the metencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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9
Q

What is the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla oblongata

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10
Q

What is the telencephalon?

A

The cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

Which three regions make up the brain stem?

A

Pons, medulla, cerebellum

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12
Q

What is the soma?

A

Cell body containing the nucleus

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13
Q

In which direction do dendrites carry information?

A

Towards the soma

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14
Q

In which direction do axons carry information?

A

Away from the soma

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cell?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal

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16
Q

Describe the role of astrocytes

A

Involved in maintenance of BBB, environmental homeostasis, CSF stabilisation

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17
Q

How do astrocytes strengthen the BBB?

A

Bind capillaries together to make it harder for chemicals to pass through gaps

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18
Q

Describe the role of oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin in the CNS

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19
Q

What is the node of Ranvier?

A

A gap in the myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells

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20
Q

Describe the role of microglia

A

Immune monitoring and antigen presentation

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21
Q

What do microglia do in response to infection?

A

Pull processes in a become macro-phage like in structre

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22
Q

Where are ependymal cells located?

A

Lining of ventricles

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23
Q

Describe the structure of ependymal cells

A

Ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium

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24
Q

Describe the composition of white matter

A

Axons (mostly myelinated) and support cells

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25
Q

Describe the composition of grey matter

A

Soma, glial cells, synapses and support cells

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26
Q

Where does sensory info arrive in the spinal cord

A

Dorsal horn

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27
Q

Where does motor info arrive in the spinal cord

A

Anterior/ventral horn

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28
Q

Where do sympathetics exit the spinal cord?

A

Lateral horn T1-L2

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29
Q

What are the inward projections on the brain called?

A

Sulci

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30
Q

What are the outward projections of the brain called?

A

Gyri

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31
Q

What are the two gyri a/w the central sulcus?

A

Pre- and post-central gyri

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32
Q

What are the outward projections of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

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33
Q

Which structure in the ventricles absorbs CSF?

A

Microvilli

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34
Q

What forms the choroid plexus?

A

Ependymal cells and capillaries

tela choroidea

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35
Q

What connects the 3rd ventricle to the lateral ventricles?

A

Foramen of monroe

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36
Q

What connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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37
Q

What is the name given to the point in the midline where the two side of the thalamus touch?

A

Interthamic adhesion

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38
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

Large bundle of fibres which allow communication between hemispheres

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39
Q

How do the cerebral cortex and brainstem communicate?

A

Through white matter tracts in the internal capsule

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40
Q

Which structure covers the top of the corpus callosum?

A

Cingulate

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41
Q

What is the fornix?

A

A bundle of nerve fibres which act as the major output tract of the hippocampus

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42
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

A

Oesophagus to rectum

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43
Q

What are the two plexuses in the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenteric plexus between layers of smooth muscle

Submucosal plexus in submucosa

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44
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

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45
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Produce myelin in the PNS

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46
Q

What are the two main types of neuron?

A

Unipolar and mutlipolar

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47
Q

Which type of axons are found in skeletal muscle?

A

Mulitpolar

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48
Q

Which type of axons are sensory?

A

Unipolar

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49
Q

Which root from the spinal nerve is smaller?

A

Posterior

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50
Q

Which type of signal passes through the anterior root?

A

Motor

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51
Q

Which type of signal passes through the dorsal root?

A

Sensory

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52
Q

What is the dermatome level of the male nipple

A

T4

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53
Q

What is the dermatome level of the umbilicus

A

T10

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54
Q

What is the dermatome level of the posterior scalp, neck and shoulder?

A

C2-C4

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55
Q

What is the dermatome level of the upper limb?

A

C5-T1

56
Q

What is the dermatome level of the gluteal region, perineum and lower limb?

A

L1-Co1

57
Q

Which is usually more superficial dermatome or myotome?

A

Dermatome

58
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

59
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

60
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

61
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4

62
Q

At what levels does sympathetic outflow pass through?

A

T1-L2

63
Q

Where do sympathetic axons synapse for the heart?

A

Cervical paravertebral ganglia

64
Q

Where do sympathetic axons synapse for the lungs?

A

Upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia

65
Q

Where do sympathetic axons synapse for the abdominopelvic axons?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

66
Q

How does parasympathetic outflow pass out of the CNS?

A

via CNs III, VII, IX, X

67
Q

At what level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

68
Q

What cone-shaped structure does the spinal cord make at the end?

A

Conus medullaris

69
Q

What is the name of the thin connective tissue cord anchored to the dorsum of the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

70
Q

What are the 3 groups of arteries which supply the spinal cord?

A

Longitudinal arteries
Segmental arteries
Radicular arteries

71
Q

How many major longitudinal arteries are there and what are their positions?

A

3

Two posterior and one anterior

72
Q

What is the largest segmental artery called?

A

Great anterior segmental medullary artery

Artery of adamkeiwsz

73
Q

Where do the segmental arteries to the spinal cord originate?

A

Vertebral, intercostal and lumbar arteries

74
Q

Where are the radicular arteries to the spinal cord found

A

At the dorsal and ventral roots

75
Q

What is the dorsal/medial lemniscus system for?

A

Fine touch and conscious proprioception

76
Q

Where do fibres in the dorsal/medial lemniscus cross?

A

In the medulla

77
Q

Where do axons in the dorsal/medial lemniscus synapse?

A

Nucleus gracillis - lower limbs
Nucleus cuneaus - upper limbs
Thalamus

78
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract for?

A

Pain, temperature and deep pressure

79
Q

Where do axons in the spinothalamic tract synapse?

A

Immediately at spinal cord

Thalamus

80
Q

Where do fibres in the spinothalamic tract cross?

A

Immediately at the spinal cord level

81
Q

What is the corticospinal tract for?

A

Fine, precise movement of distal muscles

82
Q

Which two tracts does the corticospinal tract consist of?

A

Ventral

Lateral

83
Q

Where do fibres cross in the corticospinal tract?

A

85% at the dessucation of the pyramids

15% segmentally when seeking out axon

84
Q

Describe the pathway through the corticospinal tract

A

Cortex > internal capsule > midbrain > pons > medulla > spinal cord

85
Q

What is the tectospinal tract for?

A

Input to cervical spinal cord to mediate reflex head and neck movements in response to visual stimuli

86
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract for?

A

Several functions including regulation of voluntary movements
Pons fibres: facilitate extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements (medulla vice verca)

87
Q

Where do fibres originate for the reticulospinal tract?

A

Reticular areas of pons and medulla

88
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract for?

A

Excitatory input to anti-gravity extensor muscles

89
Q

Where do fibres for the vestibulospinal tract originate?

A

Vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla

90
Q

How many lobes does the cerebellum have?

A

3 - Anterior, posterior and flocculus

91
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

In posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium cerebelli

92
Q

What attaches the brainstem to the cerebellum?

A

Superior, middle and inferior peduncles

93
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle I the biggest?

A

Middle

94
Q

What structure splits the cerebellum in half?

A

Vermis

95
Q

How many layer does the cerebellum have?

A

3
Outer/molecular
Middle/Purkinje
Inner/granular

96
Q

Describe the outer layer of the cerebellum

A

Molecular

No cells but many synapses

97
Q

Describe the middle layer of the cerebellum

A

Purkinje

Contains enormous neurons

98
Q

Describe the inner layer of the cerebellum

A

Granular

Many tiny neurons (over 50% of neurons are here)

99
Q

How do afferents enter the cerebellum?

A

Via the peduncles to the granular layers

100
Q

How is afferent info processed in the cerebellum?

A

Sent from granular layer to purkinje cells to molecular layer then out of cerebellum

101
Q

Where do efferent neurons synapse in the cerebellum?

A

On axons of purkinje cells

102
Q

Is the cerebellum a contralateral or ipsilateral structure?

A

Ipsilateral

103
Q

What symptoms result from unilateral lesions on the cerebellum?

A

Tremor
Weakness
Sensory loss
Loss of co-ordination

104
Q

What symptoms result from bilateral lesions of the cerebellum?

A

Dysarthria
In-coordination
Wide gait

105
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Grey matter structures deep in brain which initiate and inhibit movements

106
Q

What are the five parts of the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
107
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

108
Q

What makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen and Globus pallidus

109
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen and Globus pallidus

110
Q

What does the substantia nigra do?

A

Plays a role in reward and movement

111
Q

What disease is a result of the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson’s disease

112
Q

Is the basal ganglia a contralateral or ipsilateral structure?

A

Contralateral

113
Q

What do lesions of the basal ganglia usually cause?

A

Change in muscle tone, dyskinesia, tremor, chorea, myoclonus

114
Q

How does Parkinson’s present?

A

Akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor

115
Q

What is pathologically affected in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra

Direct pathway

116
Q

What is pathologically affected in Huntington’s Disease?

A

Basal ganglia
Cerebral cortex
Indirect pathways

117
Q

How does Hungtinton’s Disease present?

A

Chorea and progressive dementia

118
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic back muscles?

A

Levator scapulae, rhomboids, trapezius, latissimus dorsi

119
Q

What are the 2 groups of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Erector spinae and transversospinalis

120
Q

Where do the erector spinae muscles commonly attach?

A

Sacrum and iliac crest

121
Q

What are the three erector spinae muscles called?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

122
Q

What movement is elicited by the bilateral contraction of transverospinalis and erector spinae?

A

Extend spine

123
Q

What movement is elicited by the unilateral contraction of transverospinalis and erector spinae?

A

Lateral flexion

124
Q

What movement is elicited by the contraction of psoas major and rectus abdominus?

A

Flexion of spine

125
Q

Which joints are between articular processes of vertebrae?

A

Facet joint

126
Q

What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs?

A

Annulus fibrosis

Nucleus pulposis

127
Q

Which ligament connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Ligamentum flavum

128
Q

Which ligament connected the posterior aspects of vertebral bodies/discs?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

129
Q

What is the role of posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents over flexion of the spine

130
Q

What connects the anterior aspects of the vertebrae/discs?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

131
Q

What is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents over-extension of the spine

132
Q

What ligaments connectsspinous processes?

A

Supraspinous, inter spinous

133
Q

Which vertebra has no vertebral body?

A

C1

134
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Synovial

135
Q

Which vertebrae had the odontoid process?

A

C2

136
Q

Which vertebra is the first palpable process in most people?

A

C7

Year 3 - Neuro (19 decks)

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