demand for change and gov reaction Flashcards
years after 1894 time of
serious unrest in russia
Russian society had become more politicised in the years after?
the great famine of 1891-92
what caused scorn and despair?
-failure of the over-bureaucratic tsarist government to cope with the famine crisis
-left the zemstva and voluntary organisations to provide the necessary relief work
what did the zemstva + voluntary organisations providing necessary relief work lead to ?
-greater public mistrust of the government’s competence
-firmer belief in the power of ordinary members of society play a role in nation’s affairs
by 1900
reformist groups consequently developed a broader support base than ever before
new outbursts of trouble in?
Russian universities
increased trouble in russian universities led to
increased use of the okhrana, activities ensured rebellious young people:
-expelled
-exiled
-drafted into the army and when necessary submitted to military force
what happened in 1901?
a squadron of mounted cossacks charged into crowd of students in st Petersburg, killing 13
-aftermath of incident-15000 students were imprisoned in the peter and paul fortress
where was unrest at its worst?
in the central Russian provinces,where the landlord/peasant relationship still most traditional
-also spread into Georgia, the Ukraine and Poland
what did peasants do?
set fire to their landlord’s barns, destroying grain
-siezed woodland and pasture
-even physically attacked landlords + officials
Pyotr Stolypin- Tsar’s minister how did he deal with disturbances?
-with a ferocity, aggravated situation further
-peasants were flogged, arrested and exiled or shot in their thousands
industrial strikes
escalated in the towns, numbering around 17,000 in 1894
-around 90,000 in 1904
what happened in 1901?
the Obukhov factory in St Petersburg saw violent clashes between armed police + whip-carrying cossacks
in an attempt to control the proliferation of illegal unions what did Zubatov(Moscow chief of the Okhrana) begin organizing?
his own police-sponsored trade unions with the approval of the governor-general of Moscow, the Grand Dule Sergei Alexandrovich
idea of own police-sponsored trade unions
provide ‘official’ channels through which complaints could be heard, in an attempt to prevent workers joining the radical socialists
why did experiment only last to 1903
-zubatov was dismissed and exiled after one of his unions became involved in a genera strike in odessa
another union on the zubatov model was formed in 1904.
what was this called and who was it formed by?
-the assembly of st petersburg factory workers bu Father Gapon
Father Gregorii Gapon
-studied at the st petersburg theological academy
-became orthodox priest + prison chaplain
-belived he had a divine mission to help workers (working in working-class districts of St Petersburg)
-began organising unions from 1903
-remained intensely loyal + taught the tsar obliged by god to respond to worker’s demand
-hanged march 1906
Why did Moscow chief of the Okhrana ,Sergei Zubatov begin organising his own police-sponsored trade unions
In attempt to control the proliferation of illegal unions
What was put in place to prevent workers joining the radical socialists
Idea of providing ‘official’ channels through which complaints could be heard
-experiment only lasted until 1903 when zubatov was dismissed and exiled
Why was Zubatov dismissed and exiled in 1903
One of his unions became involved in a general strike in Odessa
What did father Gregorii Gapon form in 1904
The assembly of st Petersburg factory workers
-union approved by Nicholas’s minister of internal affairs ,Plehve
-had the support of the Orthodox Church
Who was Nicholass’ minister for internal affairs
Plehve
The assembly of st Petersburg factory workers soon had
12 branches and 8000 members
