Dehydration Flashcards by Stacie Cat

Characteristics of an Ideal Dehydrating Solution (7)

Dehydrate rapidly
Have moderate evaporation rate
Work on fatty tissues
Avoid excessive hardening
Preserve Stains
Be Safe
Be Non-flammable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is the process of removing water from tissue before wax embedding

Based on the previous answer, this step is essential for achieving _______

Dehydration

High quality tissue sample

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Miscible with 90% alcohol, toluene, and xylene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Nontoxic and miscible with water in all proportions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Low dehydrating power compared to other agents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Requires a large volume (20x tissue) and a graded series with xylene before embedding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Fully miscible with water and many organic solvents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: None

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Prolonged use cause shrinkage and hardening

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Safe for delicate samples (eyes embryos)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Ideal for slow tissue processing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Strong odor and slow-acting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Needs good ventilation due to rapid evaporation and high flammability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Excellent substitute for ethanol with less shrinkage and hardening

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Universal Solvent - functions as both dehydrating and clearing agent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Requires large volume and is about four times as costly as absolute alcohol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____ are not soluble in THF

Dyes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Tissue may remain in it for months without injury

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Suitable for routine paraffin techniques

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Fast, reliable, and effective - still the best dehydrating agent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Solidifies below 25 degrees Celsius, complicating handling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Not suitable for celloidin technique (nitrocellulose is insoluble in it)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some acids (_____, _____) require dilute acetone

Uranyl acetate, Phosphotungstic acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Refractive index of Dioxane

1.42

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Choices: A. Ethanol B. Butanol C. Tertiary Butanol D. Isopropanol E. Pentanol F. Acetone G. Dioxane H. Cellosolve I. Triethylphosphate J. Tetrahydrofuran ADVANTAGE: Produce better results than most universal solvents

Choices: A. Ethanol B. Butanol C. Tertiary Butanol D. Isopropanol E. Pentanol F. Acetone G. Dioxane H. Cellosolve I. Triethylphosphate J. Tetrahydrofuran DISADVANTAGE: Has a strong odor — use in well-ventilated areas

Triethylphosphate is soluble in a range of organic solvents such as (6)

Alcohols Benzene Toluene Xylene Ether Chloroform

Choices: A. Ethanol B. Butanol C. Tertiary Butanol D. Isopropanol E. Pentanol F. Acetone G. Dioxane H. Cellosolve I. Triethylphosphate J. Tetrahydrofuran ADVANTAGE: May cause less shrinkage and is non-reactive with osmium tetroxide

Choices: A. Ethanol B. Butanol C. Tertiary Butanol D. Isopropanol E. Pentanol F. Acetone G. Dioxane H. Cellosolve I. Triethylphosphate J. Tetrahydrofuran ADVANTAGE: Dissolves paraffin wax

Choices: A. Ethanol B. Butanol C. Tertiary Butanol D. Isopropanol E. Pentanol F. Acetone G. Dioxane H. Cellosolve I. Triethylphosphate J. Tetrahydrofuran DISADVANTAGE: Requires proper ventilation, unsafe in poorly ventilated areas

Choices: A. Ethanol B. Butanol C. Tertiary Butanol D. Isopropanol E. Pentanol F. Acetone G. Dioxane H. Cellosolve I. Triethylphosphate J. Tetrahydrofuran DISADVANTAGE: Limited visibility with most resins

Choices: A. Ethanol B. Butanol C. Tertiary Butanol D. Isopropanol E. Pentanol F. Acetone G. Dioxane H. Cellosolve I. Triethylphosphate J. Tetrahydrofuran ADVANTAGE: Can be used in staining dehydration sequence

What are the common dehydrating agents? (3)

Alcohols (Ethanol, Methanol, Isopropanol, Butanol) Acetone Dioxane

Tissues can be stored in ____ ethanol but not for long periods

70%

Delicate tissues (e.g., embryos) may start at _____ ethanol

30%

Best for routine dehydration

Ethyl alcohol

The art and science performed to produce a tissue section of a good quality that will enable the pathologist to diagnose the presence or absence of a disease

Histotechnology

How does fixation prevent autolysis?

By Inactivating the lysosomal enzymes or by chemically altering, stabilizing and making the tissue components insoluble

Examples of additive fixation (3)

Formalin Mercury Osmium tetroxide

Example of non-additive fixation (1)

Alcoholic fixative

Acts by creating a network that allows solutions to readily penetrate the interior of the tissue

Coagulant fixatives

Thickness of section in fixation for a) electron microscopy b) light microscopy

A. 1 - 2mm^2 B. 2cm^2, no > 0.4 cm

Recommended for glycogen fixation

Alcohol fixatives

Best known fixative for electron cytochemistry

Karnovsky’s paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution

Excellent for many staining procedures including silver reticulum methods

Formol-corrosive

Also known as “Gendre’s fixative”

Alcoholic formalin

Made up of mercuric chloride stock solution for which glacial acetic acid has been added

Zenker’s fluid

Mercury deposits may be removed by “_____”

Dezenkerization

Also known as “Helly’s solution”

Zenker-formol

Recommended mainly for tumor biopsies especially of the skin and an excellent cytologies fixative

Heidenhain’s Susa solution

Also known as “Muller’s fluid”

Regard’s fluid

What is regard’s fluid recommended for?

Demonstration of chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, Golgi bodies, RBC and colloid-containing tissues

Recommended for fixing embryo’s and pituitary biopsies

Bouin’s solution

It is an excellent fixative for glycogen

Brasil’s alcoholic picroformol fixative

Fixes and precipitates nucleoproteins

Glacial acetic acid

Contraindicated for cytoplasmic fixation

Glacial acetic acid

Causes polarization

Alcohol fixatives

Used for fixing touch preparations

Isopropyl alcohol

What does Carnoy’s fluid preserve?

Nissl granules and cytoplasmic granules

Newcomer’s fluid produces better reaction in ____ than _____

Fuelgen stain; Carnoy’s fluid

Inhibits hematoxylin and makes counterstaining difficult

Osmium tetroxide

May be used as a weak decalcifying agent for tissues with bones

Trichloroacetic acid

Secondary fixation is a process of placing an already fixed tissue in a second fixative in order (3) purposes

1. Improve demonstration of particular substances 2. Make special staining techniques possible 3. Further handling and preservation of tissue for better staining results

Tap water is used to remove excess chromates from tissues fixed in _____, _____ and _____ solution

Helly’s; Zenker’s; Flemming’s

Produced under acids conditions and non-buffered formaldehyde solutions

Formalin pigments

What is the color of formalin pigments?

Brown or brown-black

Commonly used in pathology for the demonstration of antibodies

Immunofluorescence and Immunoperoxidase Technique

Tissue in enzyme histochemistry is fixed in _____ or _____ overnight

4% formaldehyde; formol-saline

Primary fixatives used in electron microscopy (3)

Osmium tetroxide Glutaraldehyde Paraformaldehyde

Electron microscopy is performed at ____

4 degrees celsius

What are the routine studies for electron microscopy?

Glutaraldehyde and Osmic acid