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HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY > Dehydration > Flashcards

Dehydration Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of an Ideal Dehydrating Solution (7)

A

Dehydrate rapidly
Have moderate evaporation rate
Work on fatty tissues
Avoid excessive hardening
Preserve Stains
Be Safe
Be Non-flammable

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2
Q

This is the process of removing water from tissue before wax embedding

Based on the previous answer, this step is essential for achieving _______

A

Dehydration

High quality tissue sample

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3
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Miscible with 90% alcohol, toluene, and xylene

A

E

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4
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Nontoxic and miscible with water in all proportions

A

A

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5
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Low dehydrating power compared to other agents

A

B

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6
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Requires a large volume (20x tissue) and a graded series with xylene before embedding

A

F

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7
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Fully miscible with water and many organic solvents

A

J

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8
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: None

A

I

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9
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Prolonged use cause shrinkage and hardening

A

A

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10
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Safe for delicate samples (eyes embryos)

A

A

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11
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Ideal for slow tissue processing

A

B

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12
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Strong odor and slow-acting

A

B

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13
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Needs good ventilation due to rapid evaporation and high flammability

A

F

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14
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Excellent substitute for ethanol with less shrinkage and hardening

A

D

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15
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Universal Solvent - functions as both dehydrating and clearing agent

A

C

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16
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Requires large volume and is about four times as costly as absolute alcohol

A

G

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17
Q

_____ are not soluble in THF

A

Dyes

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18
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Tissue may remain in it for months without injury

A

H

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19
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Suitable for routine paraffin techniques

A

I

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20
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Fast, reliable, and effective - still the best dehydrating agent

A

A

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21
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Solidifies below 25 degrees Celsius, complicating handling

A

C

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22
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Not suitable for celloidin technique (nitrocellulose is insoluble in it)

A

D

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23
Q

Some acids (_____, _____) require dilute acetone

A

Uranyl acetate, Phosphotungstic acid

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24
Q

Refractive index of Dioxane

A

1.42

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25
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Produce better results than most universal solvents

A

J

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26
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Has a strong odor — use in well-ventilated areas

A

J

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27
Q

Triethylphosphate is soluble in a range of organic solvents such as (6)

A

Alcohols
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Ether
Chloroform

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28
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: May cause less shrinkage and is non-reactive with osmium tetroxide

A

F

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29
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Dissolves paraffin wax

30
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Requires proper ventilation, unsafe in poorly ventilated areas

31
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

DISADVANTAGE: Limited visibility with most resins

32
Q

Choices:
A. Ethanol
B. Butanol
C. Tertiary Butanol
D. Isopropanol
E. Pentanol
F. Acetone
G. Dioxane
H. Cellosolve
I. Triethylphosphate
J. Tetrahydrofuran

ADVANTAGE: Can be used in staining dehydration sequence

33
Q

What are the common dehydrating agents? (3)

A

Alcohols (Ethanol, Methanol, Isopropanol, Butanol)
Acetone
Dioxane

34
Q

Tissues can be stored in ____ ethanol but not for long periods

35
Q

Delicate tissues (e.g., embryos) may start at _____ ethanol

36
Q

Best for routine dehydration

A

Ethyl alcohol

37
Q

The art and science performed to produce a tissue section of a good quality that will enable the pathologist to diagnose the presence or absence of a disease

A

Histotechnology

38
Q

How does fixation prevent autolysis?

A

By Inactivating the lysosomal enzymes or by chemically altering, stabilizing and making the tissue components insoluble

39
Q

Examples of additive fixation (3)

A

Formalin
Mercury
Osmium tetroxide

40
Q

Example of non-additive fixation (1)

A

Alcoholic fixative

41
Q

Acts by creating a network that allows solutions to readily penetrate the interior of the tissue

A

Coagulant fixatives

42
Q

Thickness of section in fixation for

a) electron microscopy
b) light microscopy

A

A. 1 - 2mm^2
B. 2cm^2, no > 0.4 cm

43
Q

Recommended for glycogen fixation

A

Alcohol fixatives

44
Q

Best known fixative for electron cytochemistry

A

Karnovsky’s paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution

45
Q

Excellent for many staining procedures including silver reticulum methods

A

Formol-corrosive

46
Q

Also known as “Gendre’s fixative”

A

Alcoholic formalin

47
Q

Made up of mercuric chloride stock solution for which glacial acetic acid has been added

A

Zenker’s fluid

48
Q

Mercury deposits may be removed by “_____”

A

Dezenkerization

49
Q

Also known as “Helly’s solution”

A

Zenker-formol

50
Q

Recommended mainly for tumor biopsies especially of the skin and an excellent cytologies fixative

A

Heidenhain’s Susa solution

51
Q

Also known as “Muller’s fluid”

A

Regard’s fluid

52
Q

What is regard’s fluid recommended for?

A

Demonstration of chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, Golgi bodies, RBC and colloid-containing tissues

53
Q

Recommended for fixing embryo’s and pituitary biopsies

A

Bouin’s solution

54
Q

It is an excellent fixative for glycogen

A

Brasil’s alcoholic picroformol fixative

55
Q

Fixes and precipitates nucleoproteins

A

Glacial acetic acid

56
Q

Contraindicated for cytoplasmic fixation

A

Glacial acetic acid

57
Q

Causes polarization

A

Alcohol fixatives

58
Q

Used for fixing touch preparations

A

Isopropyl alcohol

59
Q

What does Carnoy’s fluid preserve?

A

Nissl granules and cytoplasmic granules

60
Q

Newcomer’s fluid produces better reaction in ____ than _____

A

Fuelgen stain; Carnoy’s fluid

61
Q

Inhibits hematoxylin and makes counterstaining difficult

A

Osmium tetroxide

62
Q

May be used as a weak decalcifying agent for tissues with bones

A

Trichloroacetic acid

63
Q

Secondary fixation is a process of placing an already fixed tissue in a second fixative in order (3) purposes

A
  1. Improve demonstration of particular substances
  2. Make special staining techniques possible
  3. Further handling and preservation of tissue for better staining results
64
Q

Tap water is used to remove excess chromates from tissues fixed in _____, _____ and _____ solution

A

Helly’s; Zenker’s; Flemming’s

65
Q

Produced under acids conditions and non-buffered formaldehyde solutions

A

Formalin pigments

66
Q

What is the color of formalin pigments?

A

Brown or brown-black

67
Q

Commonly used in pathology for the demonstration of antibodies

A

Immunofluorescence and Immunoperoxidase Technique

68
Q

Tissue in enzyme histochemistry is fixed in _____ or _____ overnight

A

4% formaldehyde; formol-saline

69
Q

Primary fixatives used in electron microscopy (3)

A

Osmium tetroxide
Glutaraldehyde
Paraformaldehyde

70
Q

Electron microscopy is performed at ____

A

4 degrees celsius

71
Q

What are the routine studies for electron microscopy?

A

Glutaraldehyde and Osmic acid

HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY (6 decks)

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