Definitions + Rukes

Question 1

Electron orbital

Answer 1

Region of space in which an electron spends most of its time

Question 2

Aufbau principle

Answer 2

Electrons fill the lowest available energy level

Question 3

Hund’s rule

Answer 3

Electrons remain impaired in every sub shell as far as possible

Question 4

1st ionisation energy

Answer 4

Energy required to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms producing 1 mole of gaseous ions

Question 5

Linear bond angle

Answer 5

180

Question 6

Tetrahedral bond angle

Answer 6

109.5

Question 7

Trigonal planar bond angle

Answer 7

120

Question 8

Pyramidal bond angle

Answer 8

107

Question 9

Bent bond angle

Answer 9

104.5

Question 10

Octahedral bond angle

Answer 10

90

Question 11

Electronegativity

Answer 11

The power of an atom to attract the electrons in a covalent bond

Question 12

Physical properties of halogens at room temperature

Answer 12

Fluorine- pale yellow gas
Chlorine- pale green gas
Bromine- dark red liquid
Iodine- shiny black crystals

Question 13

KCl + Br2

Answer 13

Orange upper layer

Yellow lower layer

Question 14

KCl and +I2

Answer 14

Purple upper layer

Orange lower level

Question 15

KBr + Cl2

Answer 15

Orange upper level

Yellow lower level

Question 16

KBr+ I2

Answer 16

Purple upper layer

Orange lower layer

Question 17

KI+ Cl2

Answer 17

Purple upper layer

Orange lower layer

Question 18

Br2+ KI

Answer 18

Purple upper layer

Orange lower layer

Question 19

Order of ion tests

Answer 19

Carbonates
Sulfates
Halides
Ammonia?

Question 20

Carbonate test

Answer 20

Dilute HNO3

Fizzing

Question 21

Sulfates test

Answer 21

Excess barium ions eg BaCl2

White precipitate

Question 22

Halide tests

Answer 22

Add acidified silver nitrate

Then check with dilute and conc ammonia

Question 23

Ammonia test

Answer 23

Add dilute NaOH

When warmed moist ph paper will turn blue

Question 24

Standard enthalpy formation

Answer 24

1 mole of substance is formed from its elements in their standard states

Question 25

Enthalpy of combustion

Answer 25

Enthalpy when 1 mole of substance is completely burned in oxygen under standard conditions

Question 26

Enthalpy of reaction

Answer 26

Enthalpy when molar quantities as stated in the chemical equation react together under standard conditions

Question 27

Enthalpy of neutralisation

Answer 27

Enthalpy when and acid and a base react together in their standard stated to form 1 mole H2O under standard conditions

Question 28

Bond enthalpy

Answer 28

The average energy required to break 1 mole of bonds in gaseous molecules

Question 29

Hess’s law

Answer 29

Enthalpy change is independent of the path taken provided initial and final conditions are the same

Question 30

Homogeneous catalyst

Answer 30

Reactants and catalyst in the same state

Question 31

Heterogeneous catalyst

Answer 31

Reactants and catalyst in different states

Question 32

Standard lattice enthalpy

Answer 32

Enthalpy change when 1 mole of an ionic compound is formed from its gaseous ions under standard conditions

Question 33

Enthalpy of atomisation

Answer 33

Enthalpy change when 1 mole of gaseous atoms is formed from the element in its standard state

Question 34

1st electron affinity

Answer 34

Enthalpy change when 1 electron is added to each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1- ions

Question 35

Enthalpy hydration

Answer 35

Enthalpy change when a solutions of ions is made from 1 mole of gaseous ions

Question 36

Enthalpy of solution

Answer 36

Enthalpy change when 1 mole of a solute dissolves to form an infinitely dilute solution

Question 37

Spontaneous reaction

Answer 37

No extra energy is need to continue the reaction