definitions from the bk chapter 16 Flashcards
Role:
Role: a set of customary behaviors based in your position.
Social roles:
assumptions about the way people should behave given their statues.
Schema:
a structured set of thoughts and presumptions.
Social psychology:
the branch of psychology that focuses on how the way people think, feel, and behave influences and is influenced by others.
Group:
collection of people who have something in common.
Social cognition:
thoughts people use to understand their social world.
Social influence:
the way behavior is shaped.
Social norm:
an expectation about customary behavior based on a person’s position.
False consensus effect:
the habit of seeing our own behavior as typical.
Availability heuristic:
a thinking shortcut in which the more quickly a person can think of an example of something, the more likely he or she suppose it must be true.
Person perception:
involves the way we form opinions about others.
Social categorization:
mental sorting of people’s into groups.
Stereotypes:
over generalized beliefs about a group and its members.
Prejudice:
negative stereotypes or attitudes about members of a particular group.
Individualist cultures:
cultures that place an emphasis on each person’s right rather than on the society.
Collectivist cultures:
a type of culture that prioritizes the groups other the individual.
Attribution:
our mental explanations of events or behaviors.
Attribution theory:
the theory that behavior is explained by situational or personal factors.
Internal attribution:
an explanation of behavior based on personality characteristics.
External attribution:
an explanation of behavior that focuses on environmental explanations.
Fundamental attribution error:
Fundamental attribution error: an inclination to overestimate the impact of internal characteristics in explaining the behavior of others and underestimate the same characteristics in explaining your own behavior.
Actor:
a person who exhibits a behavior.
Actor-observer bias:
the likelihood of assigning an external and situational explanation to your own behavior while assigning internal, personal factors to the behavior of others.
Defensive attribution:
blaming people for bad things that happen to them in order to protect your own feelings.
Blaming the victim:
the tendency to attribute the cause of an unfortunate circumstance to the person experiencing it.
Just-world hypothesis:
a belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
Attitude:
a tendency to judge people, objects, or issues in a certain way.
Conflict:
a situation that involves incompatible objectives.
Self-perception theory: t
he theory that suggests that people discover their attitudes while observing their own behavior.
Cognitive dissonance theory:
the theory that we try to decrease our discomfort when holding two competing ideas at the same time by changing either our ideas or behaviors.
Cognitive dissonance:
discomfort that you experience from holding toe competing ideas at the same times.
Persuasion:
convincing another person.
Central route to persuasion:
a constructive response to an argument that focuses solely on the argument’s merits.
Peripheral route to persuasion:
influence based on small, noncore factors.
Foot-in-the-door technique:
a practice by which agreement to a small request makes agreement to a more unreasonable request more likely.
Door-in-the-face technique:
a practice by which rejecting an unreasonable request will lead to a more reasonable request that is more likely to be accepted.
Conformity:
changing your thoughts or behavior to align with those of another.
Obedience:
behavior that is in response to the orders of another.
Compliance:
shifting behavior because of a request.
Normative social influence:
the need to conform due to social pressures.
Informational social influence:
sway that comes from believing another person.
Discrimination:
the tendency to act differently toward members of a particular group.
Aggression:
words or physical acts that a person does on order to cause harm.
Instrumental aggression:
words or physical acts a person does to cause harm in an ultimate goal to obtain something.
Hostile aggression:
aggression simply to inflict harm.
Testosterone:
a sex hormone that stimulates production of spermatozoa and development of sex organ in males, and sex drive in males and females.
Serotonin:
a neurotransmitter involved in sleep, mood, and appetite.
Amygdala:
a cluster of neurons in the temporal lobe linked to emotions such as anger and fear.
Cathartic:
an experience that involves the release of pent-up emotions.
Mere exposure effect:
repeated exposure to a stimulus lead to preferring that stimulus.
Matching hypothesis:
the belief that people are paired to equally attractive partners.
Reciprocity of liking:
reacting positively to those who react positive to you,
In-group bias:
accepting the attitudes of your own team.
Out-group homogeneity:
the tendency for members of an out-group to seem similar to each other.
Ethnocentrism:
believing that your own group is superior to others and should be the standard by which other cultures are judged.
Altruism:
being unselfish and helpful toward other people.
Social-responsibly norm:
the assumption that assistance should be given to those in need.
Reciprocity norm:
an assumption that you should behave positively toward those who have helped you.
Diffusion of responsibility:
the tendency for the responsibility to help is spread across a crowd.
Bystander effect:
a phenomenon in which people are less likely to offer assistance to someone I need while in groups than they are by themselves.
Group polarization:
the likelihood that the attitudes of members of a team sill become more similar over time.
Groupthink:
when a group’s ideals become so imp organs that alternative ideas are dismissed.
Social loafing:
the tendency to work less in a group than by yourself.
Social facilitation:
the tendency to work harder when others are around.
Deindividuation:
a merging of their self with a group in order to fell anonymous.
