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Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Ion

A

Atom which has lost or gained electrons

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2
Q

isomer

A

Same molecular formula Different structural formula

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3
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound containing only C and H

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4
Q

Acid

A

Solution containing a higher number of H+ aqueous ions than OH- aqueous ions

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5
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds

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6
Q

Covalent bond

A

A shared pair of electrons

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7
Q

Isotope

A

Same atomic number Different mass number

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8
Q

Alkali

A

Solution with higher numbers of OH- aqueous ions than H+ aqueous ions

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atom

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10
Q

Fuel

A

A substance that burns to release energy

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11
Q

Combustion

A

Combining with oxygen to release energy

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12
Q

Valency

A

The number of unpaired of outer electrons

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13
Q

Element

A

Substance containing only one type of atom

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14
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an element

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15
Q

Solute

A

A substance that will dissolve in a liquid (water)

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16
Q

Diatomic

A

A molecule containing two atoms

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17
Q

What are the 7 diatomic elements

A

Iodine Hydrogen Nitrogen Bromine Oxygen Chlorine Fluorine

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18
Q

Electrolyte

A

An ionic solution used to complete an electrochemical cell

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19
Q

Exothermic

A

A reaction that releases energy

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20
Q

Endothermic

A

Reaction in which heat energy is taken in

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21
Q

What are the properties of protons

A

Charge : 1+ Mass: 1 a.m.u Found: in the nucleus

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22
Q

What are the properties of neutrons

A

Charge: 0 Mass: 1 a.m.u Found: in the nucleus

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23
Q

What are the properties of electrons

A

Charge: 1- Mass: 0 Found : in shells around nucleus

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24
Q

Period

A

Horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

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25
Electricity
The flow of charged particles(electrons and ions)
26
Solvent
A liquid into which a substence will dissolve
27
Homologous series
Compounds with Same general formula Similar chemical properties
28
Lattice
A regular, repeating 3-D structure
29
Saturated
A substance where all C to C bonds are single
30
Unsaturated
A substance contains (at least) on C=C bond
31
Monomer
Small unsaturated molecule that takes part in addition polymerisation
32
Halogen
Any of the group 7 elements
33
Alkali metal
Any of the group 1 metals
34
Salt
When the H+ aqueous ions of an acid are replaced by metal (or ammonium) ions 1. sulphuric acid gives sulphate salts 2. hydrochloric acid gives chloride salts 3. nitric acid gives nitrate salts
35
Neutralisation of acids
Removing excess H+ aqueous ions from a solution
36
Base
A substance that neutralises an acid
37
What are the 4 types of base
Metal Metal Hydroxide Metal Carbonate Metal Oxide
38
Pollution
The introduction of harmful substances into the environment
39
Haber Process
Industrial process used to manufacture ammonia
40
Fertiliser
A soluble salt containing N, P, or K
41
Spectator ion
An ion that doesn’t take part in a reaction Reactions of acids Displacement reactions
42
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction
43
What are the ideal conditions for Haber Process?
Temperature: around 450 degrees Pressure: 200 atmospheres Catalyst: Iron
44
Indicator
A substance that changes colour when something is added to it
45
Solution
A mixture of a solvent and a solute
46
Electrolysis
Breaking apart a compound using electricity
47
What is an ion bridge?
Used to complete the circuit
48
Why are some nuclei unstable?
The neutron to proton ratio is outwith band of stability
49
Noble gases
Unreactive group 8 elements
50
Ion migration
Movement of ions to opposite charged terminal
51
A mole
The gram formula mass of a substance
52
Relative atomic mass (RAM)
The average mass of an element taking into account the relative abundance of each isotope
53
Density
Mass divided by volume
54
Electrostatic attraction
Attraction between oppositely charged particles
55
Thermoplastic polymer
Can be reshaped upon heating
56
Thermosetting polymer
Is decomposed upon heating
57
Biodegradable
Broken down by the action of bacteria
58
Nitrogen fixing
Turning nitrogen into a soluble form (nitrates!!)that plants can take in through their roots
59
Acid rain
Rain with pH below 5.5
60
Acidic oxide
Non metal oxide that is soluble in water
61
Basic oxide
Metal oxide that is soluble in water
62
Corrosion
The changing of the surface of a metal from an element into a compound
63
Oxidation
The loss of electrons
64
Reduction
The gain of electrons
65
Functional Group
The part of a molecule that is responsible for its chemical (and sometimes physical) properties.
66
Why are atoms neutral
They contain equal numbers of positive charges (protons) and negative charges (electrons)
67
Qualitative Analysis
Used to determine what substances are present. A flame test for example
68
Quantitative Analysis
Used to determine the quantity of a substance in a sample. A titration is used for quantitative analysis
69
What are the steps in the nitrogen cycle?
70
Eutrophication
Water systems enriched become by nutrients from fertliser run-off
71
What are the steps in eutrophication?
1. Excess nutrients from fertilisers get into water systems (lakes etc) by natural run off or rainfall 2. High levels of nitrates cause excess algal growth. 3. Algal growth blocks out sunlight needed by plants below water 4. Bacteria use oxygen as they feed on dead plants 5. Reduced O2 levels kills off marine creatures
72
Nitrates and blue baby syndrome
73
Nitrate effect on human health
74
What are P K and N needed for and what problems can deficiency cause?
75
Why can alkalis never have zero H+ ions present
Because alkalis are aqueous solutions and the dissociation of water means some H+ ions must be present
76
Why can acids never have zero OH- ions present
Because acids are aqueous solutions and the dissociation of water means some OH- ions must be present
77
Give 2 advantages of neutralising with a metal carbonate instead of a metal oxide
1. Reaction rate is high enough that acid doesn't need to be heated 2. Easier end point detection due to evolution of CO2

S4 Chemistry (26 decks)

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