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SS- Renal > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

neutral balance

A

dietary intake plus endogenous production exactly matches excretion

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2
Q

positive balance

A

intake plus endogenous production > excretion

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3
Q

negative balance

A

intake plus negative balance

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4
Q

reabsorption

A

tubules to peritubular capillaries of water and solutes

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5
Q

secretion

A

peritubular capillaries of solutes only

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6
Q

apical membrane

A

luminal: urinary space
transport proteins: reabsorption and secretion
villi and microvilli increase SA
tight junctions

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7
Q

basolateral membrane

A

exposed to interstitium

abundant Na-K ATPase

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8
Q

paracellular transport

A

through tight junctions between cells

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9
Q

transcellular transport

A

through cells

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10
Q

claudin 2

A

protein that makes up tight junctions on luminal membrane

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11
Q

aquaporins

A

channels to transport H2O when simple diffusion is inadequate
PT and TDLH

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12
Q

proximal nephron

A

PCT to end of cortical TALH (macula densa)

bulk reabsorption

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13
Q

distal nephron

A

DCT, connecting tubules, cortical and medullary collecting duct
fine tuning and steep gradients

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14
Q

aquaporin 2

A

DT
luminal membrane
H20 reabsorption
vasopressin sensitive

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15
Q

aquaporin 4/5

A

PT (Wall said 3/4 in CD)
baoslateral
H2O to circulation

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16
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to prevent osmosis

proportional to [osmotically active particles]

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17
Q

dehydration

A

loss of water

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18
Q

aquaporin 1

A

PT
luminal
H20 reabsorption

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19
Q

SGLT1

A

active: coupoled to Na electrochemical potential gradient
completely reabsorbed until reaches threshold: 200-220 mg/dL
Na/glucose cotransporter
luminal
intestines and kidney

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20
Q

SGLT2

A

active: coupled to Na electrochemical potential gradient
completely reabsorbed until reaches threshold: 200-220 mg/dL
Na/glucose cotransporter
luminal
kidney

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21
Q

filtrate

A

similar to plasma without large proteins and cells

more anions due to Gibbs Donnan

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22
Q

myogenic autoregulation

A

direct stimulation of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle

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23
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback autoregulation

A

macula densa senses NaCl and alters resistance of afferent arteriole

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24
Q

autoregulation of GFR

A
  1. myogenic
  2. tubuloglomerular
    juxtaglomerular apparatus has a role
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25
Q

sweating

A

hypotonic (half isotonic)

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26
Q

diarrhea

A

isotonic

HCO3 excretion

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27
Q

vomiting

A

isotonic

acid excretion

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28
Q

neural stretch receptors

A

large veins
respond to mechanical stretch
AVP/ADH release; regulates renal Na excretion (NK2Cl channel)

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29
Q

atrial stretch receptors

A

atria
respond to distention
central signal through vagus
AVP secretion, SNS firing to kidney and CV, ANP secretion

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30
Q

arterial baroreceptors

A

arteries
respond to increase in BP or PP
AVP secretion

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31
Q

nitrites in urine

A

bacteria reduce nitrates to nitrites

UTI

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32
Q

bilirubin in urine

A

liver issues

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33
Q

ketones in urine

A

DKA, fasting, AKA

34
Q

glucose in urine

A

hyperglycemia or proximal tubular defect

35
Q

leukocyte esterase

A

neutrophil specific enzyme

UTI

36
Q

spot urine: ratio of urine protein / creatinine (mg/dl)

A

estimate of quantitative proteinuria

ratio = gm/24 hour

37
Q

RBC in urine

A

pos. dipstick can be due to RBC in urinary sediment or free hemoglobin and myoglobin

38
Q

renal hematuria

A

dipstick pos., RBC’s in sediment (some dysmorphic), RBC casts, absence of clots, proteinuria

39
Q

non-renal hematuria

A

dipstick pos., RBC’s in sediment, NO RBC casts, clots my be present, no heavy proteinuria

40
Q

WBC’s in urine

A

UTI, pyelonephritis, allergic interstitial nephritis, intense glomerulonephritis

41
Q

hyaline cast

A

normal

42
Q

Tamm-Horsfall protein

A

produced by TALH cells, forms matrix of all casts

43
Q

waxy cast

A

chronic

44
Q

renal tubular epithelial cell cast

A

acute kidney injury, acute tubular necrosis

45
Q

fatty cast

A

nephrotic syndrome

46
Q

lamina lucida (rara) interna

A

BM

close to endothelium

47
Q

lamina densa

A

middle layer of BM

fusion of lamina dens of endothelial and epithelial BM

48
Q

lamina rara externa

A

BM

close to epithelial cells

49
Q

filtration slit

A

space between two pedicels

50
Q

slit pore diaphragm

A

thin structure bridging filtration slit

contains: cadherin, FAT, nephrin, podicin

51
Q

cadherin

A

slit pore diaphragm protein
secreted by podocytes
binds adjacent pedicels

52
Q

FAT protein

A

slit pore diaphragm protein
secreted by podocytes
binds adjacent pedicels

53
Q

nephrin

A

slit pore diaphragm protein
secreted by podocytes
role in filtration
mutation: congenital nephrotic syndrome

54
Q

podocin

A

slit pore diaphragm protein
secreted by podocytes
role in filatration
mutation: congenital nephrotic syndrome

55
Q

perlecan

A

proteoglycan that contains heparan sulfate of GBM

56
Q

entactin

A

glycoprotein with Ca binding properties

57
Q

laminin

A

family of complex glycoproteins formed by 3 different chains

58
Q

type IV collagen

A

major component of BM

composed of 3 alpha chains in helices

59
Q

non-collagenous (NC) domain

A

non-helical globular domain of collagen made of alpha chains

mutation: Goodpasture’s

60
Q

effective circulating volume (ECV)

A

look at BP

fullness and tension in arterial tree (15% of total blood volume)

61
Q

PHEX gene

A

downregulates FGF-23

62
Q

FGF-23

A

decreases activity of phosphate transporter

decrease phosphate reabsorption, reduce 1alpha hydroxylase

63
Q

WBC cast

A

nephritic, UTI

64
Q

RBC cast

A

nephritic

65
Q

granular cast

A

tubular damage

66
Q

oliguria

A

less than 400 ml urine in 24 hours

67
Q

anuria

A

less than 100 ml urine in 24 hours

68
Q

TRPV6

A

enterocyte Ca channel

luminal

69
Q

Ca-ATPase

A

basolateral side of enterocyte

Ca into blood

70
Q

intestinal Na/Ca exchanger

A

enterocyte; basolateral

extremely high calcium in cell causes Ca to leave cell into blood

71
Q

calcitriol

A

activated vit. D
binds Vit. D receptor
controls passive influx and efflux of Ca in enterocyte
decreases PTH

72
Q

TRPV5

A

apical epithelial Ca channel in kidney

73
Q

calcium sensing receptor (CaSR)

A

activated by Ca
stimulates PLC, increasing IP3 with mobilizes intracellular Ca
INHIBITS PTH, stimulates calcitonin
decreased Ca: stimulates PTH

74
Q

Na/Pi cotransport

A

enterocyte
luminal
Pi into cell
Pi into blood by passive diffusion or anion exchange

75
Q

24/25-hydroxylase (CYP24)

A

inactivates Vit. D

76
Q

M235T

A

variant in angiotensiongen gene, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, B2-adrenergic receptor
candidates for essential HTN

77
Q

Guyton’s theory

A

essential HTN due to inability of kidneys to excrete Na
impairment in pressure-natriuresis
pro: normal BV despite elevated pressure
con: ignores ANS in development of HTN, doesn’t explain increase BP in prehypertension where increase CO is driven by SNS

78
Q

Brenner’s theory

A

essential HTN due to reduced nephron mass

79
Q

Laragh’s theory

A

essential HTN due to Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

80
Q

Ouabiain

A

inhibits Na/K ATPase

SS- Renal (11 decks)

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