Definitions Flashcards
neutral balance
dietary intake plus endogenous production exactly matches excretion
positive balance
intake plus endogenous production > excretion
negative balance
intake plus negative balance
reabsorption
tubules to peritubular capillaries of water and solutes
secretion
peritubular capillaries of solutes only
apical membrane
luminal: urinary space
transport proteins: reabsorption and secretion
villi and microvilli increase SA
tight junctions
basolateral membrane
exposed to interstitium
abundant Na-K ATPase
paracellular transport
through tight junctions between cells
transcellular transport
through cells
claudin 2
protein that makes up tight junctions on luminal membrane
aquaporins
channels to transport H2O when simple diffusion is inadequate
PT and TDLH
proximal nephron
PCT to end of cortical TALH (macula densa)
bulk reabsorption
distal nephron
DCT, connecting tubules, cortical and medullary collecting duct
fine tuning and steep gradients
aquaporin 2
DT
luminal membrane
H20 reabsorption
vasopressin sensitive
aquaporin 4/5
PT (Wall said 3/4 in CD)
baoslateral
H2O to circulation
osmotic pressure
pressure required to prevent osmosis
proportional to [osmotically active particles]
dehydration
loss of water
aquaporin 1
PT
luminal
H20 reabsorption
SGLT1
active: coupoled to Na electrochemical potential gradient
completely reabsorbed until reaches threshold: 200-220 mg/dL
Na/glucose cotransporter
luminal
intestines and kidney
SGLT2
active: coupled to Na electrochemical potential gradient
completely reabsorbed until reaches threshold: 200-220 mg/dL
Na/glucose cotransporter
luminal
kidney
filtrate
similar to plasma without large proteins and cells
more anions due to Gibbs Donnan
myogenic autoregulation
direct stimulation of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle
tubuloglomerular feedback autoregulation
macula densa senses NaCl and alters resistance of afferent arteriole
autoregulation of GFR
- myogenic
- tubuloglomerular
juxtaglomerular apparatus has a role
sweating
hypotonic (half isotonic)
diarrhea
isotonic
HCO3 excretion
vomiting
isotonic
acid excretion
neural stretch receptors
large veins
respond to mechanical stretch
AVP/ADH release; regulates renal Na excretion (NK2Cl channel)
atrial stretch receptors
atria
respond to distention
central signal through vagus
AVP secretion, SNS firing to kidney and CV, ANP secretion
arterial baroreceptors
arteries
respond to increase in BP or PP
AVP secretion
nitrites in urine
bacteria reduce nitrates to nitrites
UTI
bilirubin in urine
liver issues
ketones in urine
DKA, fasting, AKA
glucose in urine
hyperglycemia or proximal tubular defect
leukocyte esterase
neutrophil specific enzyme
UTI
spot urine: ratio of urine protein / creatinine (mg/dl)
estimate of quantitative proteinuria
ratio = gm/24 hour
RBC in urine
pos. dipstick can be due to RBC in urinary sediment or free hemoglobin and myoglobin
renal hematuria
dipstick pos., RBC’s in sediment (some dysmorphic), RBC casts, absence of clots, proteinuria
non-renal hematuria
dipstick pos., RBC’s in sediment, NO RBC casts, clots my be present, no heavy proteinuria
WBC’s in urine
UTI, pyelonephritis, allergic interstitial nephritis, intense glomerulonephritis
hyaline cast
normal
Tamm-Horsfall protein
produced by TALH cells, forms matrix of all casts
waxy cast
chronic
renal tubular epithelial cell cast
acute kidney injury, acute tubular necrosis
fatty cast
nephrotic syndrome
lamina lucida (rara) interna
BM
close to endothelium
lamina densa
middle layer of BM
fusion of lamina dens of endothelial and epithelial BM
lamina rara externa
BM
close to epithelial cells
filtration slit
space between two pedicels
slit pore diaphragm
thin structure bridging filtration slit
contains: cadherin, FAT, nephrin, podicin
cadherin
slit pore diaphragm protein
secreted by podocytes
binds adjacent pedicels
FAT protein
slit pore diaphragm protein
secreted by podocytes
binds adjacent pedicels
nephrin
slit pore diaphragm protein
secreted by podocytes
role in filtration
mutation: congenital nephrotic syndrome
podocin
slit pore diaphragm protein
secreted by podocytes
role in filatration
mutation: congenital nephrotic syndrome
perlecan
proteoglycan that contains heparan sulfate of GBM
entactin
glycoprotein with Ca binding properties
laminin
family of complex glycoproteins formed by 3 different chains
type IV collagen
major component of BM
composed of 3 alpha chains in helices
non-collagenous (NC) domain
non-helical globular domain of collagen made of alpha chains
mutation: Goodpasture’s
effective circulating volume (ECV)
look at BP
fullness and tension in arterial tree (15% of total blood volume)
PHEX gene
downregulates FGF-23
FGF-23
decreases activity of phosphate transporter
decrease phosphate reabsorption, reduce 1alpha hydroxylase
WBC cast
nephritic, UTI
RBC cast
nephritic
granular cast
tubular damage
oliguria
less than 400 ml urine in 24 hours
anuria
less than 100 ml urine in 24 hours
TRPV6
enterocyte Ca channel
luminal
Ca-ATPase
basolateral side of enterocyte
Ca into blood
intestinal Na/Ca exchanger
enterocyte; basolateral
extremely high calcium in cell causes Ca to leave cell into blood
calcitriol
activated vit. D
binds Vit. D receptor
controls passive influx and efflux of Ca in enterocyte
decreases PTH
TRPV5
apical epithelial Ca channel in kidney
calcium sensing receptor (CaSR)
activated by Ca
stimulates PLC, increasing IP3 with mobilizes intracellular Ca
INHIBITS PTH, stimulates calcitonin
decreased Ca: stimulates PTH
Na/Pi cotransport
enterocyte
luminal
Pi into cell
Pi into blood by passive diffusion or anion exchange
24/25-hydroxylase (CYP24)
inactivates Vit. D
M235T
variant in angiotensiongen gene, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, B2-adrenergic receptor
candidates for essential HTN
Guyton’s theory
essential HTN due to inability of kidneys to excrete Na
impairment in pressure-natriuresis
pro: normal BV despite elevated pressure
con: ignores ANS in development of HTN, doesn’t explain increase BP in prehypertension where increase CO is driven by SNS
Brenner’s theory
essential HTN due to reduced nephron mass
Laragh’s theory
essential HTN due to Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Ouabiain
inhibits Na/K ATPase