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biology unit 2 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
0
Q

Interspecific variation

A

Differences between different species

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1
Q

Random sampling

A

Something a population to eliminate bias

E.g. Grid square and coordinates

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2
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Differences between members of the same species

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3
Q

Standard deviation

A

Indicates variation around a mean value

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4
Q

A normal distribution curve

A

A bell shaped curve

Graph is symmetrical

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

A section of DNA made up of sugar, phosphate and a base

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6
Q

Complementary

A

A-T

C-G

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7
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for making a polypeptide

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8
Q

Triplet code

A

Three bases code for an amino acid

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9
Q

Chromosome

A

I threadlike structures are made up of proteins and DNA

Passes hereditary information

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10
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

Two chromosomes determining the same characteristic

One from mother, one from father

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11
Q

Allele

A

One of the different forms of a gene

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12
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces 4 haploid, genetically different, daughter cells

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13
Q

Locus

A

The position of a gene on chromosome

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14
Q

Independent segregation

A

Homologous pairs randomly separate during meiosis 1, into separate cells

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15
Q

Crossing over

A

The process with chromatids break and rejoin with their homologous chromosomes to exchange alleles

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16
Q

Selective breeding

A

Breeding individuals with desired characteristics together and selecting the offspring show the desired characteristics

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17
Q

The founder effect

A

A few individuals colonise a new region, carrying a small amount of alleles of the larger population

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18
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

A drop in the allele variety due to a large decrease in population size

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19
Q

Affinity

A

How easily oxygen is taken up

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20
Q

Associating loading

A

The process by which haemoglobin combines with oxygen in the lungs

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21
Q

Disassociating unloading

A

The process by which haemoglobin releases oxygen in the tissues

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22
Q

Starch

A

The storage molecule in plants
Coiled
Insoluble
Can be hydrolysed to form alpha glucose

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23
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage molecule and animals
Short chains
Easily hydrolysed into Alpha glucose

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24
Q

Cellulose

A

Parallel chains of beta glucose joined by hydrogen bonds

Forms microfibrils for strength

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25
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelle in plant cells containing grana, thylakoids and stroma
Photosynthesis occurs here

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26
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

The way DNA makes exact copies of itself by winding the double helix
Each chain acts as a template for the new strands

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27
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division with two daughter cells are produced and have the same number of chromosomes as the parent

28
Q

Haploid cells

A

Cells with half the number of chromosomes

29
Q

Diploid cells

A

Cells with a full set of chromosomes

30
Q

Cell cycle

A 
So is regular cycle of division followed by periods of growth
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
31
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Cells become specialised in the structure to suit their roles
Allele switch on and off

32
Q

Tissue

A

The collection of similar cells that form a specific function

33
Q

Organ

A

A combination of tissues, coordinated to perform a variety of functions

34
Q

Organ systems

A

Organs working together as a single unit

35
Q

Spiracles

A

Pores on the body surface of insects that open and close to allow gases to to diffuse in and out

36
Q

Gill lamellae

A

Parts of fish gills that increase the surface area with blood flows through for gas exchange

37
Q

Counter current exchange

A

Blood and water flowing opposite directions to maintain a diffusion gradient

38
Q

Stomata

A

Pores on the underside of the leaf and can be open and closed by guard cells

39
Q

Double circulatory system

A

Blood passes through the heart twice on the full circuit of the body

40
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

41
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

42
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Fluid that surrounds the cells of the body

Provides nutrients to the cells and remove waste products

43
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Filtration assisted by blood pressure

44
Q

Apoplastic pathway

A

A route through the cells by which water and minerals are transported into the plant

45
Q

Symplastic pathway

A

A route through the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata of plant cells by which water and minerals are transported

46
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds

47
Q

Cohesion tension

A

Transpiration pull on the water puts the xylem under pressure

48
Q

Xerophytes

A

Plants adapted to living in dry conditions

49
Q

Species

A

A group of similar organisms that can break together to produce fertile offspring

50
Q

Classification

A

Grouping of organisms

51
Q

Taxonomy

A

The theory and practice of biological classification

52
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary relationship between organisms

53
Q

DNA hybridisation

A

A technique used to determine the similarities between the DNA of two different organisms

Double strands form or the one strand from each species,closely related organisms will share complementary bases

54
Q

Courtship behaviour

A

Signals and displays between males and females of the same species to enable successful mating to occur

55
Q

Adapt

A

Organisms adjust to suit the changing environment where they live

56
Q

Mutations

A

Changing the base sequence of DNA

57
Q

Conjugation

A

One bacterial cell transfers do you need to another bacterial cell via conjugation tube

58
Q

Antibiotics

A

Substances that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

59
Q

Plasmids

A

Circular loops of DNA and bacteria

60
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety in the living world

Including number of different species and a variety of genes and the range of habitats

61
Q

What is an intron?

A

A non-coding section of DNA

62
Q

What is an extron?

A

A coding section of the DNA

63
Q

Antisense strand

A

The DNA strands that acts as a code for forming RNA

64
Q

degenerate code

A

Many triplet codes/codons form the same Amino acid

65
Q

What are somatic cells

A

Body cells

66
Q

What to consider when deciding on a same size

A

Cost
Ethical issues
Large for reliability

67
Q

How can you use a graph to predict data

A

Draw a line of best fit and extrapolate

biology unit 2 (7 decks)

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