Circulaory System and classification of organisms Flashcards
Why do you mammals need a double circulatory system
They have a high metabolism
Also stop the capillaries from bursting in the lungs
Tunica External
The tough outer layer (strength)
Mainly of collagen
Tunica media
Stretches and recoils to increase and decrease pressure
Thicker in the artery
Tunica interna
Moved to prevent friction
Thin to allow diffusion
Lumen
Blood flows through
Wider in vein
Features of an artery
Thick muscle layer
Thick elastic layer
Thick wall
Features of a vein
Thin muscle layer
Thin elastic layer
Small wall
Valves
Features of a capillary
Extremely thin Highly branched Narrow lumen Spaces between lining (endothelial cells) Allow white blood cells to pass
How is tissue fluid formed
- Water is drawn out of the capillaries VIA OSMOSIS from the arteriole end due to high hydrostatic pressure
- Proteins are too large to pass through the capillary
- The water potential in the capillary is lower than that in the tissue fluid
- Water moves from the tissue fluid to the capillary down a water potential gradient
What is the role of the lymph
Tissue fluid that cannot be returned into capillaries travels through vessels that begin in the tissues
Smaller-> larger vessels
Picks up excess fluid and drains to the vena cava (close to heart)
What are lymph ducts
Open ended tubes with valves
How does fluid move through the lymph ducts
Hydrostatic pressure
Contraction of body muscles
What are the role of Venus valves
Ensures no backflip in the veins due to low pressure
What is the order of the hierarchy?
Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Chordata-with a nervous system) Class (mammalia) Order (Carnivora) Family (feildae) Genus (panthera) Species (panthera Tigris)
What is the binomial system
Used for naming species (usually two Greek/latin names)
What are homologous characteristics?
Organisms with a shared evolutionary link
What is phylogeny
The study of organisms with s shared evolutionary link
What is DNA hybridisation
- DNA from two species are cut and heated (87*) to break hydrogen bonds and separate the polynucleotide strands
- The strands from the two species cool together and join together (reannel) to form a hybrid strand
- The temperature at which the two strand separate when reheated is measured
- The closer to 87* they are, the more closely related as there are more complementary base pairs and therefore hydrogen bonds
What is taxomy
The science of classifying organisms
What amount of data is within 1SD
68%
What amount of data is within 2SD
95%
What is DNA base sequencing
More bases matching means more closely related
What is animo acid sequencing
Less difference in amino acid sequence means more closely related
What is albumin
A protein found in blood
What is immunological comparison
- human blood plasma, containing albumin, is injected into another species (eg. Rabbit)
- The rabbit produces antibodies
- Serum from the rabbit, containing antibodies, is mixed with serum from another species
- Antibodies will attach to corresponding antigens= precipitate
- The more precipitate= more closely related (more similar proteins
What is the use of courtship
- stimulates the release of gametes
- recognises members of the opposite gender
- indicates sexual maturity
What are the features of a transport system
Transporting fluid (e.g. Blood)-often water-based = dissolve substances
A close system of tubular veins - (branched) distributed to all parts of animal
Form of mass transport-in bulk and over large distances
Controlling flow (valves and pressure difference)- controlling direction and movement of flow
What is hierarchy
Groups within larger groups
Do not overlap
Why are frogs eggs affected by pesticides
LSA
cannot diffuse
Eggs cannot move out of water
Pesticides absorbed by permeable outer layer
Why would there be a lower index diversity
Less numbers of species
Less members of species
Only one predominant species
