definitions

Question 1

an ideology

Answer 1

A set of beliefs and values with political consequences shared by a group that helps to understand the world and recommends a course of action.

Question 2

beliefs

Answer 2

a subjective attitude that a proposition is true or a state of affairs is the case.

belief about something eg how humans are - not smart

Question 3

values

Answer 3

principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgement of what is important in life.

shaped by beliefs eg don’t think people are nice so value in the community

Question 4

power

Answer 4

ability to act or influence

Question 5

authority

Answer 5

right to command or give orders

Question 6

each ideology on meliorism

Answer 6

Liberalism and socialism yes
conservatism no

Question 7

each ideology on egalitarian

Answer 7

Liberalism and socialism yes
conservatism no

Question 8

each ideology on relativism

Answer 8

Liberalism and socialism no
conservatism yes

Question 9

each ideology as perfectionist

Answer 9

conservatism and socialism yes
liberalism maybe

Question 10

each ideology as communitarian

Answer 10

Liberalism and socialism yes
conservatism no

Question 11

communitarian

Answer 11

Communitarianism is a political and social philosophy that emphasizes the importance of community, shared values, and collective responsibility in shaping society. At its core, communitarianism challenges the excessive focus on individual rights and autonomy often associated with liberal individualism. Instead, communitarians argue for a balance between individual freedoms and the well-being of the community as a whole.

Question 12

relativist

Answer 12

believe what is right or wrong differs from society to society
o This is a value not a belief – brought up in different countries, at different times etc.

Question 13

rationalist

Answer 13

Thinking or behaving reasonably or logically

a person advocating a materialist and empiricist approach to knowledge

Question 14

equality

Answer 14

Define ‘equality’ as relating to one another as equals with the same dignity afforded to human beings (Anderson, 1999).

Question 15

coherence criteria

Answer 15

the quality of being logical and consistent.

Question 16

collectivism

Answer 16

the practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it

multiple definitions though
eg also the need to replace competition with cooperation.

Question 17

collectivism - economic sense

Answer 17

the ownership of land and the means of production by the people or the state, as a political principle or system

Question 18

collective ownership

Answer 18

ownership of something, typically land or industrial assets, by all members of a group for the mutual benefit of all.

income-generating property is owned in common by everyone in a “society”, and thus everyone has the collective right to the net income generated by the use of those means of production and the collective right to dispose of the property which generates this income. This need not imply that this net income is simply divided up equally among everyone.

Question 19

liberal democracy

Answer 19

a democratic system of government in which individual rights and freedoms are officially recognized and protected, and the exercise of political power is limited by the rule of law: the objective of liberal democracy is not limitless freedom.

Question 20

meliorism

Answer 20

the view that the world can be made better by human effort. In political contexts, the view that the world can be made better by government effort, a rather more controversial doctrine.

i.e view that society can head in a positive direction

Question 21

exploitation

Answer 21

Taking systematic advantage of other people in order to appropriate the fruits of their activities.

Marxists regard exploitation as a fundamental feature of capitalism, wherein the wages that workers receive are, in fact, less than the economic value of the work that they perform in order to produce commodities for sale. The profits accrued by capitalists thus, according to Marxists, are derived from workers and not from the capitalists’ own investments.

Question 22

alienation

Answer 22

mean a feeling of estrangement and separation from other people. In existential psychology this meaning is extended to include the perception that one is alienated or estranged from one’s ‘real self’ because of being forced to conform to society’s expectations

Question 23

social justice

Answer 23

social justice refers to the fair distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within a society, with particular attention to addressing systemic inequalities and ensuring that all members of society have the ability to lead fulfilling lives. Social justice encompasses both distributive justice, which concerns the fair allocation of resources and benefits, and procedural justice, which focuses on fair decision-making processes and the protection of rights

Rawls defines social justice as fairness in the distribution of the benefits and burdens of society.

Question 24

social equality

Answer 24

social equality refers to the condition where all individuals or groups within a society enjoy the same status, rights, opportunities, and treatment regardless of their background, identity, or social position. Social equality encompasses both formal legal equality and substantive equality in terms of access to resources, opportunities, and social goods

Question 25

equality of opportunity

Answer 25

The concept that all persons regardless of social class, age, race, or gender should have equal rights to compete for and attain sought-after positions in society.

Question 26

distributive justice

Answer 26

“distributive justice is the combination of pattern and currency of allocation of units of moral concern’

Patterns are egalitarianism,prioritarianism, sufficientarian- the way goods are distributed
Currency is like welfare or primary goods or money or whatever you are trying to distribute according to ur chosen pattern- the units

Question 27

reciprocity

Answer 27

the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit,

Question 28

reasonable

Answer 28

“according to reason; sensible.”

Question 29

reason

Answer 29

A faculty of the human mind that enables logical inferences to be made and rational arguments to be undertaken to understand the world and solve problems.

Question 30

citizens

Answer 30

“Citizens” typically refers to individuals who hold membership in a particular political community, usually a nation-state, and who possess certain rights, responsibilities, and legal status within that community. Citizenship is a legal and political status that grants individuals specific rights, such as the right to vote

, citizenship also entails certain responsibilities, such as obeying the law, paying taxes, and, in some cases, serving in the military. Citizens are often expected to contribute to the well-being of their community through civic engagement

Question 31

nationalism

Answer 31

A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a given national community

Question 32

pragmatism

Answer 32

A philosophical approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.

, pragmatism is concerned with what works and what is useful in addressing concrete problems or achieving specific goals. It rejects the idea of absolute truth or fixed principles and instead emphasizes the idea that the meaning and truth of concepts are determined by their practical implications and consequences in real-world situations.

Question 33

political disposition

Answer 33

Disposition refers to an individual’s inherent tendency or inclination towards certain attitudes, preferences, or behaviors in political matters, often shaped by personal experiences, values, and social context. It can influence one’s political stance or orientation without necessarily constituting a comprehensive set of beliefs or values shared by a group.

Question 34

normative

Answer 34

Normative refers to a standard or principle that is based on notions of what ought to be, rather than what is.

Question 35

nationalist

Answer 35

a person who strongly identifies with their own nation and vigorously supports its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

Question 36

sex

Answer 36

Refers to the biological differences between males and females, such as reproductive organs, hormones, and chromosomes.

Question 37

gender

Answer 37

Refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviours, and expectations associated with being male, female, or other gender identities.

Question 38

egalitarianism

Answer 38

A social doctrine that emphasizes the goal of equality among all members of a society—or, indeed, all humanity.

Question 39

private sphere

Answer 39

simultaneously that which lies outside the purview of the state and that which concerns personal ends distinct from the public good

Question 40

public sphere

Answer 40

public world of politics- it refers both to the open discussion among members of a collectivity about their common concerns and to the activities of the state that are central to defining that community.

Question 41

capitalism

Answer 41

An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and individual owners of capital are free to make use of it as they see fit; in particular, for their own profit.

Question 42

public policies

Answer 42

government actions and decisions aimed at addressing societal issues and achieving specific goals for the public good

Question 43

justice

Answer 43

justice is one of the basic principles, meaning fairness, impartiality, equity

Ulpian - justice concerns rendering unto others their due or what is their right (ius). According to the Aristotelian understanding, justice concerns equality of treatment in the distribution of benefits and burdens in our exchanges with one another. The primary difference between these views is that the Ulpian understanding allows that matters of justice may have nothing to do with distribution of benefits and burdens, while the Aristotelian understanding limits justice to such distribution

Question 44

socially constructed

Answer 44

created or maintained through social interactions and collective agreement not inherent or natural

Question 45

patriotism (v nationalism)

Answer 45

Patriotism – construed as the individual’s sense of identity with a social order – is politically indispensable.
Suspicion of the patriotic motive arises partly because people confuse patriotism with nationalism. The latter is not a form of loyalty, but an ideology and a call to arms on behalf of it.

Question 46

civic duty

Answer 46

obligation of citizens to actively engage in the affairs of their society (eg voting and community involvement). Embodies the notion that responsibility and participation are essential for well being of democratic society

Question 47

compatible

Answer 47

coexistence , working together - consistency of principles/ foundational concepts, complementary application, coherent and mutually reinforcing outcomes

Question 48

principles

Answer 48

fundamental beliefs, values or norms – foundational ideas

eg democracy, equality, justice

Question 49

define libertarianism

Answer 49

libertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value.

Question 50

abstract principles

Answer 50

fundamental ideas or values that guide political beliefs and actions. These principles are often broad and conceptual, serving as the foundation for various political ideologies. Examples include liberty, equality, justice, and individual rights as opposed to specific policies and practices, such as limited government, free markets, and traditional values

Question 51

existing value

Answer 51

tradition - which encompasses both existing value and institutions but also value underpins institutions

Question 52

comprehensive doctrine

Answer 52

A COMPREHENSIVE DOCTRINE is a set of beliefs afirmed by citizens concerning a range of values, including moral, metaphysical, and religious commitments, as well as beliefs about personal virtues, and political beliefs about the way society ought to be arranged. They form a conception of the good and inform judgments concerning “what is of value in life, the ideals of personal character, as well as ideals of friendship and of familial and associational relationships, and much else that is to inform our conduct, and in the limit to our life as a whole”