Definitions Flashcards
What is a skill?
The learned ability to bring about a pre determined result, with a minimum outlay of time, energy, or both
What is a closed skill?
A skill not affected by external factors
What is an open skill?
A skill affected by external factors
What is a gross skill?
A skill performed using the larger muscle groups.
E.g. A tackle in rugby or boxer throwing a punch
What is a fine skill?
A skill in which smaller muscle groups are used to make fine adjustments to the action.
E.g. putting spin on a bowl in cricket or spin on a table tennis serve
What is a self paced skill?
The person performing the skill performs the skill with no added pressure
What is an externally paced skill?
Where the person on the receiving end of the skill must respond in line with whatever is sent to them
What is a discrete skill?
A skill with a clear start and end.
E.g. header in football
What is a continuous skill?
A skill where the athlete can choose when to start and end the skill.
E.g. dribbling in football
What is a serial skill?
A skill where there is a clear routing that can be broken down into parts.
E.g. a routine in trampolining
What is a low organised skill?
A skill that is easily broken down into parts.
E.g. swimming techniques
What is a high organised skill?
A skill that is not easily broken into parts.
E.g. golf swing
What is a simple skill?
A skill that needs limited decisions to be processed during its execution.
E.g. forward roll
What is a complex skill?
A skill where there is many decisions to make with variable information to take in and process.
E.g. dribbling in hockey
What is positive transfer?
When learning one skill aids the learning and performance of another.
E.g. shooting in netball- shooting in basketball
What is negative transfer?
When having learned one skill makes the learning of the second skill more difficult.
E.g. badminton serve- tennis serve
What is zero transfer?
When learning one skill has no effect on the performance/ learning of another skill.
E.g passing in football- rowing
What is bilateral transfer?
When the learning of one skill is transferred from one limb to the opposite limb
E.g. passing the ball with right foot- passing the ball with left foot
What is whole practice?
Performing the skill in its entirety without breaking it into sub routines
What is whole part whole practice?
Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together
What is progressive part practice (chaining) ?
Where the first part of the skill is taught, then the rest of the parts are added in sequence
What is massed practice?
No rest intervals during the practice session
What is distributed practice?
Rest intervals are given during the practice session
What is varied practice?
Changing the practice type and the practice drills
What is mental practice?
Going over the skill in the mind without movement
What is the cognitive stage of learning?
The beginners level of skill acquisition
What is the associative stage of learning?
Performer begins to understand requirements of the skill- consistency builds
What is the autonomous stage of learning?
Performer is consistent and effective- skills are accurate and performed with little effort
What is feedback?
Information to aid error correction
What is positive feedback?
Encouragement
What is negative feedback?
Error correction
What is extrinsic feedback?
From an outside source
What is intrinsic feedback?
From within
What is knowledge of results?
Concerns the outcome
What is a process goal?
About technique
What is a plateau?
A period of no improvement in performance
What is drive reduction?
An end of task period when performance may get worse
What is visual guidance?
Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration
What is verbal guidance?
Using words to explain a task
What is manual guidance?
Physically supporting a performer during a movement
What is mechanical guidance?
Using artificial aids to help a performance
What is operant conditioning?
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
What is behaviourist theory?
This attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli
What is a satisfier?
An action that prompts a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated
What is an annoyer?
An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses
What is positive reinforcement?
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response- strengthens stimulus response bond
What is negative reinforcement?
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response- strengthens stimulus response bond
What is punishment?
An unpleasant stimulus being added to prevent incorrect actions recurring- stimulus response bond is weakened
What is observational learning (Bandura) ?
Learning through observation and copying of others
What is attention?
Making the demonstration attractive to the performer
What is retention?
Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it
What is motor production?
Having the mental and physical ability to do the task
What is motivation?
Having the drive to do the task
What is social development theory (Vygotsky) ?
Learning through observation with others
What is inter psychological learning?
Learning from others externally
What is intra psychological learning?
Learning from within after gaining knowledge externally from others- occurs after inter psychological learning
What is constructivism (Vygotsky) ?
Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance
What is the zone of proximal development?
The next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectations and current level of performance
What is insight learning
Using past experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
What is kinesthesis?
The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
What is selective attention?
Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
What are stimuli?
The important and relevant items of information from the display
What is the central executive?
The control centre of the working memory model, it uses three other systems to control all information moving in and out of the memory system
What is the phonological loop?
Deals with auditory information from the environment
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
What is the episodic buffer?
Responsible for coordinating the work of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad into sequences sent from long term memory
What is the long term memory?
Receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes
What is chunking?
Breaking the skilled action into parts or sub routines
What is a motor programme?
A movement stored in the long term memory that specify the components of a skill
What are initial conditions?
Information from the environment
What are response specifications?
Information about what to do
What is a recall schema?
Initiates movement, comes before the action
What is a recognition schema?
Controls movement, happens during the action
What are sensory consequences?
Information about the feel of the movement
What are response outcomes?
Feedback about the result
What is reaction time?
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response
What is movement time?
The time taken to complete the task
What is response time?
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task.
Response time= reaction time + movement time
What is hicks law?
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
What is the psychological refractory period?
A delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed
What is anticipation?
Pre judging a stimulus
What is temporal anticipation?
Predicting when it is going to happen
What is spatial anticipation?
Predicting where and what is going to happen
