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Pe Paper 1: Section B > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a skill?

A

The learned ability to bring about a pre determined result, with a minimum outlay of time, energy, or both

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2
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

A skill not affected by external factors

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3
Q

What is an open skill?

A

A skill affected by external factors

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4
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

A skill performed using the larger muscle groups.
E.g. A tackle in rugby or boxer throwing a punch

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5
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

A skill in which smaller muscle groups are used to make fine adjustments to the action.
E.g. putting spin on a bowl in cricket or spin on a table tennis serve

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6
Q

What is a self paced skill?

A

The person performing the skill performs the skill with no added pressure

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7
Q

What is an externally paced skill?

A

Where the person on the receiving end of the skill must respond in line with whatever is sent to them

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8
Q

What is a discrete skill?

A

A skill with a clear start and end.
E.g. header in football

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9
Q

What is a continuous skill?

A

A skill where the athlete can choose when to start and end the skill.
E.g. dribbling in football

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10
Q

What is a serial skill?

A

A skill where there is a clear routing that can be broken down into parts.
E.g. a routine in trampolining

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11
Q

What is a low organised skill?

A

A skill that is easily broken down into parts.
E.g. swimming techniques

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12
Q

What is a high organised skill?

A

A skill that is not easily broken into parts.
E.g. golf swing

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13
Q

What is a simple skill?

A

A skill that needs limited decisions to be processed during its execution.
E.g. forward roll

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14
Q

What is a complex skill?

A

A skill where there is many decisions to make with variable information to take in and process.
E.g. dribbling in hockey

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15
Q

What is positive transfer?

A

When learning one skill aids the learning and performance of another.
E.g. shooting in netball- shooting in basketball

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16
Q

What is negative transfer?

A

When having learned one skill makes the learning of the second skill more difficult.
E.g. badminton serve- tennis serve

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17
Q

What is zero transfer?

A

When learning one skill has no effect on the performance/ learning of another skill.
E.g passing in football- rowing

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18
Q

What is bilateral transfer?

A

When the learning of one skill is transferred from one limb to the opposite limb
E.g. passing the ball with right foot- passing the ball with left foot

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19
Q

What is whole practice?

A

Performing the skill in its entirety without breaking it into sub routines

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20
Q

What is whole part whole practice?

A

Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together

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21
Q

What is progressive part practice (chaining) ?

A

Where the first part of the skill is taught, then the rest of the parts are added in sequence

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22
Q

What is massed practice?

A

No rest intervals during the practice session

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23
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Rest intervals are given during the practice session

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24
Q

What is varied practice?

A

Changing the practice type and the practice drills

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25
Q

What is mental practice?

A

Going over the skill in the mind without movement

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26
Q

What is the cognitive stage of learning?

A

The beginners level of skill acquisition

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27
Q

What is the associative stage of learning?

A

Performer begins to understand requirements of the skill- consistency builds

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28
Q

What is the autonomous stage of learning?

A

Performer is consistent and effective- skills are accurate and performed with little effort

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29
Q

What is feedback?

A

Information to aid error correction

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30
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Encouragement

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31
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Error correction

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32
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

From an outside source

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33
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

From within

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34
Q

What is knowledge of results?

A

Concerns the outcome

35
Q

What is a process goal?

A

About technique

36
Q

What is a plateau?

A

A period of no improvement in performance

37
Q

What is drive reduction?

A

An end of task period when performance may get worse

38
Q

What is visual guidance?

A

Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration

39
Q

What is verbal guidance?

A

Using words to explain a task

40
Q

What is manual guidance?

A

Physically supporting a performer during a movement

41
Q

What is mechanical guidance?

A

Using artificial aids to help a performance

42
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated

43
Q

What is behaviourist theory?

A

This attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli

44
Q

What is a satisfier?

A

An action that prompts a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated

45
Q

What is an annoyer?

A

An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses

46
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A pleasant stimulus after the correct response- strengthens stimulus response bond

47
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response- strengthens stimulus response bond

48
Q

What is punishment?

A

An unpleasant stimulus being added to prevent incorrect actions recurring- stimulus response bond is weakened

49
Q

What is observational learning (Bandura) ?

A

Learning through observation and copying of others

50
Q

What is attention?

A

Making the demonstration attractive to the performer

51
Q

What is retention?

A

Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it

52
Q

What is motor production?

A

Having the mental and physical ability to do the task

53
Q

What is motivation?

A

Having the drive to do the task

54
Q

What is social development theory (Vygotsky) ?

A

Learning through observation with others

55
Q

What is inter psychological learning?

A

Learning from others externally

56
Q

What is intra psychological learning?

A

Learning from within after gaining knowledge externally from others- occurs after inter psychological learning

57
Q

What is constructivism (Vygotsky) ?

A

Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance

58
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

The next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectations and current level of performance

59
Q

What is insight learning

A

Using past experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill

60
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension

61
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information

62
Q

What are stimuli?

A

The important and relevant items of information from the display

63
Q

What is the central executive?

A

The control centre of the working memory model, it uses three other systems to control all information moving in and out of the memory system

64
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Deals with auditory information from the environment

65
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information

66
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

Responsible for coordinating the work of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad into sequences sent from long term memory

67
Q

What is the long term memory?

A

Receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes

68
Q

What is chunking?

A

Breaking the skilled action into parts or sub routines

69
Q

What is a motor programme?

A

A movement stored in the long term memory that specify the components of a skill

70
Q

What are initial conditions?

A

Information from the environment

71
Q

What are response specifications?

A

Information about what to do

72
Q

What is a recall schema?

A

Initiates movement, comes before the action

73
Q

What is a recognition schema?

A

Controls movement, happens during the action

74
Q

What are sensory consequences?

A

Information about the feel of the movement

75
Q

What are response outcomes?

A

Feedback about the result

76
Q

What is reaction time?

A

The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response

77
Q

What is movement time?

A

The time taken to complete the task

78
Q

What is response time?

A

The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task.
Response time= reaction time + movement time

79
Q

What is hicks law?

A

Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases

80
Q

What is the psychological refractory period?

A

A delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed

81
Q

What is anticipation?

A

Pre judging a stimulus

82
Q

What is temporal anticipation?

A

Predicting when it is going to happen

83
Q

What is spatial anticipation?

A

Predicting where and what is going to happen

Pe Paper 1: Section B (16 decks)

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