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Anatomy > Deep Back > Flashcards

Deep Back Flashcards

1
Q

Which germ layer does the muscular system of the deep back develop from?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

What does each somite differentiate into?

A

a sclerotomes and a myo - dermatome

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3
Q

What does the myotome region of myo - dermatome region give rise to in the deep back?

A

myoblast cells (embryonic muscle cells)

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4
Q

What do the myoblast cells (embryonic muscle cells) in the deep back form?

A

muscles of the trunk

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5
Q

What are the two divisions that the myotomes divide into?

A

epaxial (dorsal) division

hypaxial (ventral) division

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6
Q

WHICH nerves supply the epaxial division muscles?

A

DORSAL primary rami of spinal nerves

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7
Q

WHICH nerves supply the hypaxial division muscles?

A

VENTRAL primary rami of spinal nerves

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8
Q

Even though most of the myoblasts migrate away from their specific myotome level of origin, what do they always maintain from that segment?

A

their original nerve supply

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9
Q

What muscles are derived from the epaxial division?

A

deep extensor muscles of the back

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10
Q

What muscles are derived from the hypaxial division?

A

Infrahyoid

Flexor muscles of vertebral column

Quadratus lumborum

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11
Q

Originally, these muscles have a segmental arrangement and only extend from one vertebra (segment) to the next

A

Muscles of the deep back

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12
Q

As a group, these muscles extend from the skull (cranium) to the pelvis covered by the deep fascia

A

Muscles of the deep back

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13
Q

During development, fusion between adjacent segments takes place to form larger muscle masses covering more than one segment (in this muscle group)

A

Muscles of the deep back

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14
Q

Sequential splitting of muscles takes place later to form different superimposed layers in this muscle group.

A

Muscles of the deep back

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15
Q

In this muscle group, because the origins and insertions of different muscles overlap, the entire vertebral column moves smoothly during flexion, extension, and rotation.

A

Muscles of the deep back

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16
Q

In the muscles of the deep back, the entire vertebral column moves smoothly during flexion, extension, and rotation because the origins and insertions of different muscles do what?

A

overlap

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17
Q

The deep back muscles produce various movements (extension, flexion, rotation) of the back and act to maintain what two qualities of the erectly standing or sitting human?

A

posture and balance

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18
Q

What various movements do the muscles of the deep back produce?

A

flexion, extension, and rotation

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19
Q

Since most of the body weight is anterior to the vertebral column, many deep back muscles function to support the body weight be doing what?

A

extending the vertebral column

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20
Q

The transvers and spinous processes of the vertebrae proved places for what?

A

attachment of the muscles

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21
Q

THE INTRINSIC back muscles are the only muscles of the body innervated by this.

A

DORSAL primary rami of spinal nerves

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22
Q

Why do deep back muscles cross more than one segment of the vertebral column and are innervated by more than one spinal cord level?

A

Because many of the deep back muscles are very long

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23
Q

What do the majority of deep back muscles have multiple of?

A

origins and insertions

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24
Q

What are back strains the result of?

A

microscopic tearing of muscle cells or ligaments from extensive extension and rotation.

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25
Q

Which muscles of the back are mainly involved in extension of the spine?

A

intrinsic muscles of the back

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26
Q

How much of the back do the intrinsic muscles of the back span?

A

the entire back from the skull to the sacrum

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27
Q

How are the intrinsic muscles of the back often grouped?

A

according to the direction of muscle fibers and length of muscle bundles

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28
Q

WHAT are the four groups of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Splenius group

Erector spinae group

Transversospinalis group

Suboccipital group

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29
Q

WHICH intrinsic back muscle group’s muscles arise from the posterior midline of the back and proceed laterally and superiorly to their insertion

A

Splenius group

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30
Q

WHICH intrinsic back muscle group’s muscles arise from the posterior midline of the back, or more laterally, and run up longitudinally?

A

Erector spinae group

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31
Q

WHICH intrinsic back muscle group’s muscles arise laterally but travel toward the midline to their insertion?

A

Transversospinalis group

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32
Q

WHICH intrinsic back muscle group’s muscles are responsible for movement of the head and neck only? (they do not follow the pattern of the other intrinsic back muscles)

A

Suboccipital muscles

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33
Q

Which groups of intrinsic back muscles are found in the back of the neck and mainly assist with head movements?

A

Splenius group

Suboccipital group

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34
Q

What are the three well-defined layers in which the intrinsic back muscle groups are arranged?

A

Superficial layer
Intermediate layer
Deep layer

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35
Q

What muscles does the superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles include?

A

all three subgroups of erector spinae and splenius muscles

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36
Q

What muscles does the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles include?

A

two parts of Transversospinalis: Semispinalis and Multifidus

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37
Q

What muscles are involved in the deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Segmental muscles and Suboccipital muscles

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38
Q

Which back muscle group contains the most superficial intrinsic muscles of the posterior part of the neck?

A

Splenius group

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39
Q

What does the word "splenius" refer to?

A

a Band-Aid like structure

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40
Q

Which muscle group represents a bandage around the neck?

A

Splenius group

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41
Q

Which intrinsic back muscle group’s muscle fibers arise from the midline and run superiorly and laterally?

A

Splenius group

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42
Q

How many muscles are in the Splenius group?

A

2

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43
Q

Which muscle of the Splenius group is a broad flat muscle of the neck?

A

splenius capitis

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44
Q

Which muscle of the Splenius group is partly covered by the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid?

A

splenius capitis

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45
Q

Which is the upper and larger of the two splenius muscles?

A

splenius capitis

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46
Q

Which muscle’s fibers proceed superiolaterally from their origin (ligamentum nuchae, spines of upper thoracic vertebrae) to attach to the skull (occipital bone, mastoid process)

A

splenius capitis

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47
Q

What is the narrow muscle located below and parallel to the splenius capitis?

A

splenius cervicis

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48
Q

Which muscle from the splenius group has fibers that extend superiorly and laterally - from spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae (T3 - T6) and insert at the transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae (C2 - C4)

A

splenius cervicis

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49
Q

Which of the splenius muscles has no muscles that attach to the skull?

A

splenius cervicis

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50
Q

What is another name for the Erector spinae group?

A

Sacrospinalis

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51
Q

What is the largest muscle mass of the back?

A

Erector spinae group (Sacrospinalis)

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52
Q

Which group of intrinsic back muscles forms a prominent bulge on each side of the lower part of the vertebral column between the spinous process and the angle of ribs?

A

Erector spinae group (Sacrospinalis)

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53
Q

Which group of intrinsic back muscles takes its origin from a very extensive <b>common tendon of origin</b>?

A

Erector spinae group (Sacrospinalis)

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54
Q

What is the common tendon of origin attached to?

A

Sacrum
Iliac crest
Spinous process of lumbar and last to thoracic vertebrae

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55
Q

Which group of intrinsic back muscles is the chief extensor of the vertebral column?

A

Erector spinae group (Sacrospinalis)

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56
Q

In the lumbar region, what 3 vertical columns does the erector spinae group (sacrospinalis) divide into?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

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57
Q

Each vertical column (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) divide into 3 parts according to its what?

A

superior attachments

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58
Q

The muscle of each part (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) is made up of what in order to provide smooth controlled action?

A

overlapping short muscle fibers

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59
Q

Associated with the ribs, the iliocostalis has what three parts?

A

Iliocostalis lumborum
Iliocostalis thoracis
Iliocostalis cervicis

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60
Q

Which part of the iliocostalis goes from common tendon to ribs 6 - 12?

A

iliocostalis lumborum

61
Q

Which part of the iliocostalis goes from the lower 6 ribs to the upper 6 ribs?

A

iliocostalis thoracis

62
Q

Which part of the iliocostalis goes from ribs 3 - 6 to the transverse process of C4 - C6

A

iliocostalis cervicis

63
Q

Which vertical column of the lumbar region is the most lateral column of the erector spinae group?

A

Iliocostalis

64
Q

All 3 parts of which vertical column of the lumbar region have their origin and/or insertion on the ribs?

A

Iliocostalis

65
Q

Which vertical column muscle of the lumbar region is associated with the transverse processes of vertebrae?

A

Longissimus

66
Q

Which part of the Longissimus is the longest part?

A

Longissimus thoracis

67
Q

Where does the longissimus thoracis go from and to?

A

common tendon to lower 9 ribs

68
Q

Which part of the longissimus goes from the transverse process of T1 - T5 to transverse process of C2 - C6?

A

Longissimus cervicis

69
Q

Which part of the longissimus goes from the tendon of insertion of longissimus cervicis to the mastoid process?

A

Longissimus capitis

70
Q

Which vertical column of the erector spinae group is the intermediate division?

A

Longissimus

71
Q

What is the lowest section in the longissimus?

A

longissimus thoraces (there is no lumborum part)

72
Q

The lower part of which muscle blends with iliocostalis lumborum?

A

Longissimus

73
Q

What is the most medial and smallest division of erector spinae?

A

Spinalis

74
Q

Which division of the erector spinae is poorly developed in most individuals?

A

Spinalis

75
Q

In a well developed individual, what part of the erector spinae extends from the thorax to the skull and contains a thoracic, cervical, and lumbar segment?

A

Spinalis

76
Q

Usually, only the thoracic part of this division of the erector spinae is present

A

Spinalis

77
Q

What part of the erector spinae lies medially to the longissimus thoracis

A

Spinalis

78
Q

What part of the erector spinae extends from the spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae to the spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae?

A

Spinalis

79
Q

Bilaterally, what is the action of the erector spinae group?

A

extend the head and vertebral column

80
Q

Unilaterally, what is the action of the erector spinae group?

A

flex the head and vertebral column

81
Q

What is the <b>chief</b> extensor of the vertebral column?

A

erector spinae

82
Q

Which muscle group lies deeper to but is shorter than the erector spinae group?

A

Transversospinalis muscle group

83
Q

Which group of intrinsic back muscles slants inward from origin to insertion?

A

Transversospinalis muscle group

84
Q

Which group of intrinsic back muscles consist of these three muscle masses?: Semispinalis, Multifidus, Segmental muscles?

A

Transversospinalis muscle group

85
Q

What three muscle masses does the Transversospinalis muscle group consist of?

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Segmental muscles

86
Q

Which group of intrinsic back muscles originates from transverse processes and proceeds to spinous processes of more superiorly located vertebrae?

A

Transversospinalis muscle group

87
Q

The Semispinalis muscle mass of the Transversospinalis muscle group consists of what three subdivisions?

A

Semispinalis thoracis
Semispinalis cervicis
Semispinalis capitis

88
Q

What is the highest level of insertion of the Semispinalis cervicis?

A

C2 spine

89
Q

Where does the Semispinalis capitis insert?

A

the occipital bone

90
Q

How are the muscles arranged in the Semispinalis muscle mass?

A

longitudinally, like the erector spinae group

91
Q

About how many vertebrae do the muscle fibers of Semispinalis span over?

A

4 to 6

92
Q

Where is the Semispinalis group lacking?

A

lumbar region

93
Q

Which muscle mass of the Transversospinalis group lies superficial to the Multifidus?

A

Semispinalis

94
Q

Which muscle mass of the Transversospinalis group lies deeper to the Semispinalis?

A

Multifidus

95
Q

Which muscle mass is the thickest in lumbar area?

A

Multifidus

96
Q

Which muscle mass of the Transversospinalis group is present throughout the back?

A

Multifidus

97
Q

Which muscle mass of the Transversospinalis group has its muscle fibers going from transverse to spinous processes?

A

Multifidus

98
Q

In the Transversospinalis group, which muscle mass’s individual segments are not known by separate names?

A

Multifidus

99
Q

Where does the Multifidus muscle mass end?

A

In the cervical region

100
Q

The different parts are not usually distinct in this muscle mass of the Transversospinalis group

A

Multifidus

101
Q

The sacral and lumbar areas of this muscles mass is covered by erector spinae

A

Multifidus

102
Q

In the thoracic and cervical regions, this muscle mass is covered by Semispinalis

A

Multifidus

103
Q

How many vertebrae do the muscle fibers of Multifidus cover?

A

2 - 4

104
Q

What muscle mass is the deepest part of the Transversospinalis group?

A

Segmental muscles

105
Q

What muscle mass is better developed in the cervical and lumbar regions?

A

Segmental muscles

106
Q

What muscle mass lies deep to the Multifidus?

A

Segmental muscles

107
Q

What are the three sets of segmental muscles?

A

Interspinalis
Intertransversarii
Rotatores

108
Q

Which set/s of segmental muscles is/are well developed in cervical and lumbar regions?

A

Interspinalis and Intertransversarii

109
Q

Which set of segmental muscles are separated by interspinous ligaments?

A

Interspinalis

110
Q

Which set of segmental muscles stretch between adjacent spinous processes from C2 to T1?

A

Interspinalis

111
Q

Which set of segmental muscles is/are lacking in thoracic region?

A

Interspinalis and Intertransversarii

112
Q

Which set of segmental muscles run vertically between adjacent transvers processes?

A

Intertransversarii

113
Q

Which set of segmental muscles have a single origin and a single insertion unlike most other back muscles?

A

Rotatores

114
Q

How many vertebrae do Rotatores span?

A

one or two

115
Q

Where are Rotatores best developed?

A

thoracic region

116
Q

What are the two sets of rotatores?

A 
Long rotatores (Longus)
Short rotatores (Brevis)
117
Q

Where are long rotatores found?

A

lumbar, thoracic, and cervical areas

118
Q

Where are short rotatores found?

A

lumbar, thoracic, and cervical areas

119
Q

Which rotatores skip a vertebra?

A

long rotatores (Longus)

120
Q

Which rotatores attach to the vertebra above (do not skip a vertebra)?

A

short rotatores (Brevis)

121
Q

This muscle group connects the skull to the atlas and axis

A

Suboccipital muscles

122
Q

This muscle group has two obliquely oriented and two straight muscles

A

Suboccipital muscles

123
Q

What are the four muscles in the Suboccipital muscle group?

A

Oblique capitis inferior
Oblique capitis superior
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor

124
Q

The oblique capitis inferior, oblique capitis superior, and rectus capitis posterior describe which triangle?

A

the suboccipital triangle

125
Q

which suboccipital muscle is a part of the suboccipital muscle group but does not form a boundary of the suboccipital triangle?

A

rectus capitis

126
Q

What artery originates at the base of the neck from the subclavian artery and passes superiorly through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae. It enters the suboccipital triangle and by coursing across the floor of the triangle enters the skull though the foramen magnum.

A

vertebral artery

127
Q

What is the nerve supply to ALL FOUR suboccipital muscles?

A

the dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital) nerve

128
Q

What nerve emerges from below the oblique capitis inferior muscle (outside the suboccipital triangle)?

A

the greater occipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C2)

129
Q

What nerve crosses the oblique capitis inferior muscle and travels obliquely across the suboccipital triangle to the back of the skull?

A

the greater occipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C2)

130
Q

The greater occipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C2) is what kind of nerve to the posterior part of the scalp?

A

sensory

131
Q

Does the greater occipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C2) provide innervation to any of the muscles of the suboccipital triangle?

A

no

132
Q

What is the action of the deep back muscles?

A

No individual discrete action for any of the deep back muscles.

They function together as large groups because the origins and insertions of the muscle fibers overlap.

133
Q

What are the movements of the vertebral column?

A

Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion (from side to side)
Rotation (same side or opposite side)

134
Q

Anterior trunk muscles + gravity are involved in which type of vertebral column movement?

A

Flexion

135
Q

In which of the vertebral column movements do back muscles act as antagonistic – relaxing gradually to produce a smooth movement?

A

Flexion

136
Q

Which deep back muscles are involved in extension?

A

All deep back muscles EXCEPT Intertransversarii

137
Q

Which group of back muscles acts as the chief extensor muscle?

A

erector spinae

138
Q

In what vertebral column movement are the Intertransversarii involved?

A

lateral flexion

139
Q

Which muscles rotate the head to the same side and laterally flex the neck?

A

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

140
Q

Which muscle group initiates lateral flexion unilaterally?

A

erector spinae

141
Q

How do muscles on the opposite side of the flexing side of the neck control lateral flexion?

A

by relaxing gradually

142
Q

Which back muscles rotate the trunk to the opposite side?

A

Multifidi, Rotatores, and Semispinalis

143
Q

Which back muscles extend the trunk and help to rotate it to the same side?

A

Splenius muscles and the Erector spinae

144
Q

Which muscles rotate the atlas and turn the face to the same side?

A

oblique capitis inferior and rectus capitis posterior major and minor muscles

145
Q

Which muscles extend the head bilaterally and flex it to the same side unilaterally?

A

the oblique capitis superior and rectus capitis posterior major and minor muscles

146
Q

Which of the following muscles are derived from the epaxial division?

A. Infrahyoid
B. Flexor muscles of the back
C. Deep extensor muscles of the back
D. Quadratus lumborum
E. B and C
A

C. Deep extensor muscles of the back

147
Q

The fibers of the following muscle/muscle groups proceed superiorly and medially:

A. Erector spinae
B. Rotators
C. Transversospinalis
D. Splenius
E. B and C
A

E. Rotators AND Transversospinalis

148
Q

What muscle represents the lateral division of sacrospinalis?

A. Iliocostalis
B. Longissimus capitis
C. Longissimus cervicis
D. Spinalis

A

A. Iliocostalis

149
Q

Which of the following muscles is/are attached at the mastoid process?

A. Splenius capitis
B. Longissimus thoracis
C. Longissimus capitis
D. Semispinalis capitis
E. A and C
A

E. Splenius capitis AND Longissimus capitis

Anatomy (17 decks)

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