Deck 4 Flashcards
Aneurysm definition
Arterial dilatation 1.5x normal. True has arterial wall, false has another tissue.
Can be fusiform, saccular/berry
Caused by weakening against BP
Common aneurysm sites
Aorta is most common, 60% of these are abdominal - 95% below renal artery braches. 40% thoracic.
Aneurysm RF
Atherosclerosis, male, 60+, DM, HTN, high LDL, CT disorders, coarctation of aorta, pregnancy, syphilis, infective endocarditis (mycotic aneurysm), syphilis
Aortic and popliteal are atherosclerotic
Berry aneurysms are developmental
Rupture rists are HTN, FHx of rupture, smokers and females
Aneurysm S+S
If intact, symptomless unless compressing nearby structures (e.g thoracic can compress aortic valve to give aortic regurgitation)
Ruptured causes Grey Turner (but also pancreatitis), hypotension, tachycardia, syncope, aenaemia, expansile abdomen mass, shock, severe left flank pain, vomiting, collapse
May also present with embolic events (mural thrombi)
AAA surveillance
all men >65, consider in younger if COPD, Vardio/cerebrovascular disease, european origin, FHx of AAA, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, HTN
- 0-4.5 is 2 yearly monitoring
- 5-5.4 is 3 monthly monitoring
Management
Acute: A->E, vascular team and haemorrhage protocol
USS to check for evidence of rupture
For ruptured, EVAR (balloon inflates graft, femoral access, can cause CKD through nephrotoxic contrast). Open surgery if complex.
Surgery if symptomatic, asymptomatic and >5.5cm or growing by >1cm/year
popliteal aneurysm S+S
85% of peripheral aneurysm
Normally asymptomatic, . Can be pulsatile mass behind knee, may compress tibial nerve, veins, give swelling. If ruptured, can cause acute limb ischaemia.
Could also thrombose and cause chronic limb ischaemia
Popliteal anuerysm investigation and management
Duplex USS (screen, diagnostic for patency and thrombus), CT/MRI gives true lumen. Duplex surveillance if <2cm, or EVAR/open if larger
Aortic dissection types
De bakey 1 is ascending but carries on to descending
2 is ascending only, 3 is descending only.
stanford A is 1 and 2, B is 3.
First 10cm of aorta is most common.
Aortic dissection RF
HTN (main risk), smoking, hyperlipidaemia, thoracic AA, aortic valve abnormality, FHx dissection, previous cardiac surgery, trauma, cocaine, amphetamine, CT disease, pregnancy, syphillis
dissection S+S
Sharp chest pain, radiates to back, weak downstream pulse, difference in BP between arms, hypotension/shock if ruptured
Dissection complications
Pericardial tamponade, rupture into/out of artery, false lumen compressing nearby vasculature
Dissection management
HTN control, beta blockers, resection and replacement
HTN stage 1
Clinic>140/90, abm av >135/85
HTN stage 2
Clinic >160/100, amb >150/95
Severe HTN
> 180/100
Primary HTN
Essential HTN. Most common. RF are obesity, excess salt, inactivity, excess alcohol, stress, smoking, diabetes, older age, Fhx, ethnicity, males <65, females >65
Secondary HTN causes
5-15% of HTN cases.
Can be due to pregnancy, renal disease (renal stenosis is most common, intrinsic renal disease), endocrine (thyroid, phaeochromocytima, Conns, acromegaly, Cushings), pharma (alcohol, cocaine, COC, herbal remidies, anti-depressants), aortic coarctation, sleep apnoea, CKD, neurogenic cause (raised ICP)
Malignant HTN
aka accerlerated HTN
>180/120 developed over short time with signs of end organ damage (cerebral haemorrhage, AKI, aortic dissection, HF). Must have papiloedema
May present with headache, confusion (HT encephalopathy), epistaxis, fits, LoC
Urgent Tx, but slow reduction to avoid stroke
HTN end organ damage
cardiovascular events (e.g. left ventricular hypertrophy - >CHF) Renal events (glomerular ischaemic change. Can get hyperperfusion injury once controlled (glomerulosclerosis and necrosis) Retinopathy
Retinopathy stages
1) tortuous with shiny walls (copper/silver wiring)
Stage 2: AV nipping
Stage 3)Flame haemorrhage and cotton wool spots
Stage 4)papilloedema
HTN Tx
If under 55 then ACEi/ARB
Over 55/T2DM/Afrocarribean then CCB/thiazide
Switch if not working
Then combine (ACEi+CCB+thiazide)
Can add K sparing diuretic, or alpha/beta blocker
QRISK2
Risk of CVD in 10 years, healthy person is 7%
Intervene if 10%+
Looks at age, sex, ethnicity, postcode, smoking, cholesterol, BMI, systolic, BP, diabetes, previous CVD, Fhx, HTN
HDL role
Supports transfer of non HDL cholesterol to liver for clearance. NHDL cholesterol implicated in atherosclerosis and CVD.