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CP1 revision > Deck 13 > Flashcards

Deck 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Low Hb

A

Anaemia

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2
Q

High Hb

A

Polycythaemia rubra vera, chronic hypoxia, increased EPO, relative increase (decrease in plasma volume)

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3
Q

Microcytic anaemia

A

Thalassaemia, IDA (pregnancy, poor intake), anaemia of chronic disease

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4
Q

Normocytic anaemia

A

acute blood loss, sickle cell, haemolytic anaemia, anaemia of chronic disease, bone marrow failure

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5
Q

Macrocytic anaemia

A

B12/folate deficiency, alcohol excess

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6
Q

Reticulocytes

A

immature cells, raised during excessive production

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7
Q

WCC raised

A

Infection, inflammation, leukaemia, tissue necrosis (surgery/MI/burns), drugs (prednisalone)

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8
Q

Reduced WCC

A

Bone marrow disorder, SLE, autoimmune, HIV

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9
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Bacterial infection, inflammation, steroids, myeloproliferative disoders, stress (surgery)

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10
Q

neutropoenia

A

Post chemo, viral infection, severe sepsis, hypersplenism, bone marrow failure

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11
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Viral infection, chronic infection (TB), lymphoma/leukaemia

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12
Q

lymphocytopoenia

A

Steroids, HIV, post chemo

Bone marrow failure

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13
Q

monocytosis

A

chronic infection, AML/lymphoma, EBV

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14
Q

Eosinophilcytosis

A

Allergy, drug reaction, parasite, skin disease (eczema)

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15
Q

Basophilocytosis

A

Myeloproliferative disorder, viral infection, IgE, hypersensitivity reaction
Isolated raised basophils suggests malignancy

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16
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

reactive (post bleed, infection, chronic inflammation, malignancy, surgery) or essential (myeloproliferative disorder)

17
Q

Thrombocytopoenia

A

bone marrow failure, autoimmune (e.g. ITP), viral infection

18
Q

Hyponatraemia

A
  • lost in urine (need to check urine sodium) - can be Addison’s, renal failure, diuretic excess, diarrhoea/vomiting, burns, SBO
    • Due to fluid retention (nephrotic, cardiac failure, liver cirrhosis, SIADH - need to rule out other causes first)
      Hyponatraemia gives headache, irritability, confusion, weakness and seizures
19
Q

hypernatraemia

A
  • Diarrhoea/vomiting, diabetes insipidus, incorrect IV replacement
    Hypernatraemia causes lethargy, thirst, weakness, confusion, fits/coma
20
Q

Hypokalaemia

A

Hypokalaemia can be due to diuretics, V&D, cushing’s, steroids, conn’s.
Causes muscle weakness, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, cramps, palpitations, light headedness

21
Q

Hyperkalaemia

A

Hyperkalaemia can be due to renal failure, K sparing diuretics, metabolic acidosis, addison’s disease, burns, excess potassium therapy but can also be damaged blood.
Can see Tall, tented T waves, small p waves and wide QRS on ECG
Chest pain
Fast irregular pulse, weakness, palpitations

22
Q

Isolated ALP rise

A

bone mets, primary bone tumour, vitamin D deficiency, fracture

23
Q

HbA1c impacted in

A

haemolytic anaemia, IDA, B12/folate deficiency, recent blood transfusion/donation, venesection, haemoglobinopthy, CKD4/5, liver disease, drugs (EPO, anti HIV), alcoholism, severe hperlipidaemia, chronic malaria

24
Q

HbA1C CI in

A

Not appropriate in children, to diagnose T1DM, acute illness, steroids, pregnancy, recent acute pancreatitis/pancreatic surgery

25
Q

Hypothyroidism presentation

A

Lethargy, coarsening features, dry hair, cold intolerance, angina, constpiation, fatigue, exertional dyspnoea, muscle weakness, carpal tunnel syndrome, depression, infertility.

Weight gain, malar flush, loss of eyebrow, bradycardia, hypercholesterolaemia, abdominal distension (constipation), anaemia, myopathy, hyporeflexia, menorrhagia

26
Q

Main diagnostic for hypothyroidism

A

TSH level (raised) is strong indicator, along with low T4 (T3 unreliable)

27
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism

A

Pituitary damage due to autoimmune disorder/tumour. Can get hyponatraemia (cortisol deficiency), hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (low testosterone with low LH/FSH)

28
Q

Risks of levothyroxine

A

Go low and slow in elderly and IHD due to risk of AF and osteoporosis

29
Q

Symptomatic hyperthyroidism with normal T4 and suppressed TSH

A

T3 toxicosis

30
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Fatigue, increased appetite, heat intolerance, goitre, weight loss, hair loss, palpitations, tachicardia, myopathy, agitation, psychosis, diarrhoea, vomiting, infertility, amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, pruritis, pretibial myxoedema, exopthalmos, lid retraction, lid lag

31
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE and mast cell mediated (e.g. asthma, anaphylaxis, excema, allergic rhinitis)

32
Q

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

A

IgG against surface antigens leading to NK cells and complement mediated destruction (Goodpastures, MGs)

33
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Immune complex deposition and complement activation (SLE, extrinsic allergic alveolitis)

34
Q

Type 4 Hypersensitivty

A

T cells, delayed

35
Q

Mnemonic for hypersensitivity

A

Eczema (atopy, anaphylaxis - IgE)
Gives (IgG, goodpastures, MGs)
Complex (SLE, extrinsic allergic alveolitis)
Tracks

CP1 revision (16 decks)

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