Deck 1 Flashcards
Approximately what percentage of communication is non-verbal?
55%
In a normal distribution, what percentage of data values fall within 1 σ (standard deviation) of the mean?
68.27%
Approximately what percentage of project manager’s time is spent communicating?
90%
In a normal distribution, what percentage of data values fall within 2 σ (standard deviation) of the mean?
95.45%
In a normal distribution, what percentage of data values fall within 3 σ (standard deviation) of the mean?
99.73%
In a normal distribution, what percentage of data values fall within 6 σ (standard deviation) of the mean?
99.99%
Give at least 3 examples of Risk Triggers.
- A milestone is missed
- A key resource leaves the company
- A competitor goes bankrupt
- A 10% drop in the price of a raw material
- Crude oil price touches $100 per barrel
Project Charter is an input to which processes (name any 4)?
- Develop Project Management Plan
- Plan Scope Management
- Collect Requirements
- Define Scope
- Plan Schedule Management
- Plan Cost Management
- Plan Risk Management
- Identify Stakeholders
Give at least three examples of noise in communication.
- Distance
- Physical noise
- Any language that the receiver doesn’t understand
- Unfamiliar technology
- Lack of knowledge or interest
What are the three main types of Fixed Price contracts?
- Firm Fixed Price (FFP)
- Fixed Price Incentive Fee (FPIF)
- Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment (FP-EPA)
What are the three primary types of contracts?
- Fixed Price (FP)
- Cost Reimbursable (CR)
- Time and Material (T&M)
What information about the project stakeholders does the Stakeholder Register typically contain?
- Identification info (name, position, location, role, contact info)
- Assessment info (requirements, expectations, influence, interest)
- Stakeholder classification (internal/external, supporter/neutral/resistor)
What are the different aspects of Emotional Intelligence?
- Inbound (e.g., self-management and self-awareness)
- Outbound (e.g., relationship management)
Give at least 3 examples of Quality Metrics.
- On-time performance
- Number of production issues per month
- Defects per 1,000 lines of code
- System Availability
- Rework Index
Which Enterprise Environmental Factors are likely to be updated as part of the Manage Team process?
- Organization’s performance appraisal database
- Employee skills database
What is difference between the role of a project manager and a PMO?
- PM focuses on project objectives; PMO on major program scope changes
- PM controls assigned project resources; PMO optimizes use of resources across projects
- PM manages the project constraints (scope, schedule, cost, quality); PMO manages methodologies, standards, overall risks, and interdependencies among projects.
Give two examples of informal verbal communication.
- Praising the team’s effort in a team meeting
- A conversation between two team members
What does the Project Charter contain? (8 Items PSHOSPRN)
- Project Purpose, Project title, description and objectives
- Success Criteria and Exit Criteria
- High level requirements
- Overall project risks
- Summary milestone schedule & summary budget
- Project manager’s name and authority level
- Resources pre-assigned
- Name and signature of the sponsor
List a few advantages of using Prototypes for requirement gathering.
- Provides a “proof of concept” to attract funding
- Gives visibility of the final product to the customers
- Encourages active participation from the users
- Cost effective (reduces development cost)
- Reduces risk associated with the project
What is required to develop a WBS? (5 SPREO)
- Scope Management Plan
- Project Scope Statement
- Requirements Documentation
- Enterprise Environmental Factors (such as industry-specific WBS standards)
- Organizational Process Assets (such as procedures, policies, WBS template, project files and lessons learned from previous projects, etc.)
________ is a probabilistic method, whereas ________ is deterministic. (Options: PERT / CPM)
<u>PERT</u> is a probabilistic method, whereas <u>CPM</u> is deterministic.
_________________ aligns projects, programs, or operations to the organizational strategy.
<u>Portfolio Management</u> aligns projects, programs, or operations to the organizational strategy.
______________ is a statistical method that determines the extent to which a relationship exists between two variables.
<u>Regression Analysis</u> is a statistical method that determines the extent to which a relationship exists between two variables.
What is the buyer/seller share ratio beyond the Point of Total Assumption (PTA)?
0:100 (because cost overruns above PTA are not shared by the buyer)
What are the three needs in McClelland’s Theory of Needs? (AFP)
1) Achievement
2) Affiliation
3) Power
What is/are the Project Resource Management process(es) under the Executing Process Group? (3)
1) Acquire Resources
2) Develop Team
3) Manage Team
How do Agile projects ensure quality? (4)
1) Frequent reviews throughout the project
2) Customer engagement with the team
3) Recurring retrospectives to check effectiveness of the quality processes
4) Incremental delivery
Whom do project managers have to negotiate with to get competent staff for the project?
1) Functional managers
2) Other project management teams in the organization
3) External organizations, vendors, contractors, etc.
What do basis of estimates typically include? (4)
1) How the estimate was developed
2) Assumptions and constraints
3) Range of estimates (e.g. $10,000 ± 10%)
4) Confidence level of the estimate
Root Cause Analysis is usually performed in which processes? (6 MMCIPM)
1) Monitor and Control Project Work
2) Manage Quality
3) Control Quality
4) Identify Risks
5) Plan Stakeholder Engagement
6) Manage Stakeholder Engagement
In which process(es) would you use Contract Management Systems? (2)
1) Plan Procurement Management
2) Conduct Procurements
Name all the Project Procurement Management processes (3).
1) Plan Procurement Management
2) Conduct Procurements
3) Control Procurements
What are the different ways in which a PMO supports project managers? (4)
1) PMO develops a common project management methodology, best practices and standards;
2) monitors compliance to standards, policies and procedures across projects;
3) manages interdependencies, coordinates communication, and manages shared resources among projects;
4) provides mentoring and coaching to project managers.
What are the main inputs of the Control Schedule process? (8 - SMP, SB, SB, PS, WPD, PC, RC, OPA)
1) Schedule Management Plan
2) Schedule Baseline
3) Scope Baseline
4) Project Schedule
5) Work Performance Data
6) Project Calendars
7) Resource Calendars
8) Organizational Process Assets
What are the main competing project constraints? (6)
1) Scope
2) Schedule
3) Cost
4) Quality
5) Resources
6) Risk
What are the components of the business value of a project? (5)
1) Shareholder value
2) Customer value
3) Employee knowledge
4) Channel partner value
5) Social value
What are the two parts of successful communication?
- Develop an appropriate communication strategy.
2. Carrying out the activities necessary to implement the communication strategy.
Name the four tools and techniques used in the Manage Project Knowledge process. EKII
- Expert judgment
- Knowledge management
- Information management
- Interpersonal and team skills
Arrange the following activities in the order in which they are performed in the Closing Process Group: Release the team; Close contract(s); Document lessons learned; Get formal acceptance from the customer.
- Get formal acceptance from the customer
- Close contract(s)
- Document lessons learned
- Release the team
What are the five Project Management Process Groups?
- Initiating
- Planning
- Executing
- Monitoring and Controlling
- Closing
What are the steps involved in resolving a conflict? (5 IDDAI)
- Investigate the conflict
- Decipher the source and stage of conflict
- Determine the root cause
- Analyze the context
- Implement and track solution
What is the correct order of tasks in the Closing Process Group? (7 - OTPDCAM)
- Obtain final acceptance of deliverables
- Transfer the ownership of deliverables to assigned stakeholders
- Perform administrative closure
- Distribute final project report
- Collate lessons learned
- Archive project documents
- Measure customer satisfaction
Which Enterprise Environmental Factors are used as inputs to the Plan Stakeholder Engagement process? (4 - OPSE)
- Organizational culture, political climate, and governance framework;
- Personnel administration policies;
- Stakeholder risk appetites;
- Established communication channels.
What are the two categories of Organizational Process Assets?
- Processes, policies, and procedures
2. Organizational knowledge bases
What is the range of preliminary estimates?
-15% to +30%
What is the range for Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM) estimates?
-25% to +75%
Mention 3 advantanges of timeboxing?
- Increased focus on completing work
- Limits scope creep and gold plating
- Simplifies scheduling
What is the total number of project management processes defined in the PMBOK® Guide, 6th Edition?
49 processes, across 5 Process Groups and 10 Knowledge Areas
If a project is being done under a contract, who owns the “float”?
50% is owned by the buyer, and 50% by the seller
What is the 80/20 principle?
80% of the problems are due to 20% of the causes.
What is Pareto’s Law popularly known as?
80/20 principle
A backlog in a change-driven project is equivalent to _______________ in a plan-driven project.
A backlog in a change-driven project is equivalent to <u>Project Scope</u> in a plan-driven project.
What is a risk-adjusted backlog?
A backlog that contains activities relating to managing risk in addition to the usual features associated with delivering value.
What is a Resource Histogram?
A bar chart showing the amount of time that a resource is scheduled to work on a project over a given period of time.
What is a Histogram?
A bar chart used to plot the frequency of occurrence of a particular problem or situation. It can show the number of defects per deliverable, a ranking of the cause of defects, the number of times each process is noncompliant, or other representations of project or product defects in graphical form.
What is Material Breach?
A breach serious enough to destroy the value of the contract and give a basis for an action for breach of contract.
What is a Reserve?
A buffer in the Project Management Plan to account for cost and/or schedule risk.
Burndown Chart vs Burnup Chart
A Burndown Chart tracks how much work remains on your project and whether the deadline will be met. A Burnup Chart tracks how much work is done. It shows more information than a Burndown Chart because it also has a line showing how much work is in the project as whole and allows progress to be tracked independently of scope changes.
What are Affinity Diagrams?
A business tool used for organizing a large number of ideas into logical groups for review and analysis.
What is a Project Calendar?
A calendar of working and non-working days for a project. It typically defines holidays, weekends, and shift hours.
What is a Resource Calendar?
A calendar of working and nonworking days of a particular resource.
What is Grade?
A category assigned to a product or a service that has the same functional use but different technical characteristics.
What is a Cost Plus Award Fee (CPAF) Contract?
A category of contract that involves payments to the seller for all legitimate actual costs incurred for completed work, plus an award fee representing seller profit.
What is an Application Area?
A category of projects that have common elements not present in all projects. It is usually defined in terms of either the product (i.e., by similar technologies or production methods) or the type of customer (i.e., internal versus external, government versus commercial) or industry sector (i.e., utilities, automotive, aerospace, information technologies, etc.). Application areas can overlap.
What is an Approved Change Request?
A change request that has been processed through the integrated change control process and approved.
What is an Iteration Burndown Chart?
A chart that tracks the work that remains to be completed in the iteration backlog.
What is a Configuration Management System?
A collection of procedures used to track project artifacts and monitor and control changes to these artifacts. It is a subsystem of the overall project management system.
Define System.
A collection of various components that together can produce results not obtainable by the individual components alone.
What is a RACI Chart?
A common type of responsibility assignment matrix that uses responsible, accountable, consult, and inform (RACI) statuses to define the involvement of stakeholders in project activities.
What is a Probability and Impact Matrix?
A common way to categorize risks as low, moderate, or high by combining the two dimensions of a risk: its probability of occurrence and its impact on objectives, if it occurs.
What is a Cost Management Plan?
A component of a project or program management plan that describes how costs will be planned, structured, and controlled.
What is a Requirements Management Plan?
A component of the Project Management Plan that describes how project and product requirements will be analyzed, documented, and managed throughout the project.
What is a Resource Management Plan?
A component of the project management plan that describes how project resources are acquired, allocated, monitored, and controlled.
What is a Configuration Management Plan?
A component of the project management plan that describes how to identify and account for project artifacts under configuration control, and how to record and report changes to them.
What is a Change Management Plan?
A component of the project management plan that establishes the change control board, documents the extent of its authority, and describes how the change control system will be implemented.
What is a Stakeholder Engagement Plan?
A component of the project management plan that identifies the strategies and actions required to promote productive involvement of stakeholders in project or program decision making and execution.
What is a Procurement Management Plan?
A component of the project or program management plan that describes how a project team will acquire goods and services from outside of the performing organization.
What is a Quality Management Plan?
A component of the project or program management plan that describes how applicable policies, procedures, and guidelines will be implemented to achieve the quality objectives.
What is a Scope Management Plan?
A component of the project or program management plan that describes how the scope will be defined, developed, monitored, controlled, and validated.
What is a Schedule Management Plan?
A component of the project or program management plan that establishes the criteria and the activities for developing, monitoring, and controlling the schedule.
What is a Risk Management Plan?
A component of the project, program, or portfolio management plan that describes how risk management activities will be structured and performed.
What is a Communications Management Plan?
A component of the project, program, or portfolio management plan that describes how, when, and by whom information about the project will be administered and disseminated.
What is a Team Management Plan?
A component of the resource management plan that describes when and how project team members will be acquired and how long they will be needed.
Define Requirement.
A condition or capability that is required to be present in a product, service, or result to satisfy a business need.
What is a Quality Requirement?
A condition or capability that will be used to assess conformance by validating the acceptability of an attribute for the quality of a result.
What is the Smooth technique for conflict resolution?
A conflict resolution technique that emphasizes agreements rather than differences. It does not solve a problem, but merely brushes it under the carpet. It is also known as Accommodate technique.
What is the Compromise technique for conflict resolution?
A conflict resolution technique that involves finding a “common ground” that brings some degree of satisfaction to all the parties involved in the conflict. It results in a lose-lose situation.
What is the Collaborate technique for conflict resolution?
A conflict resolution technique that involves incorporating multiple viewpoints in order to come to a consensus.
What is the Withdraw technique for conflict resolution?
A conflict resolution technique that involves retreating away from or avoiding a conflict. It does not solve the problem and just “postpones” it. It usually isn’t the best technique for conflict resolution. It is also known as Avoid technique.
What is Problem Solve technique for conflict resolution?
A conflict resolution technique that involves solving the root cause of the conflict so that the conflict is permanently resolved. It leads to a win-win situation.
What is the Force technique for conflict resolution?
A conflict resolution technique that pushes one particular viewpoint at the expense of others. It generates a win-lose situation.
What is a Service Level Agreement (SLA)?
A contract between a service provider (either internal or external) and the end user that defines the level of service expected from the service provider.
What is a Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM) estimate?
A cost estimate based on high level requirements and expert judgment.
What is Forward Pass?
A Critical Path Method (CPM) technique for calculating the early start and early finish dates by working forward from the project’s start date, in the network diagram.
What is Backward Pass?
A Critical Path Method (CPM) technique to calculate the late finish dates and late start dates by working backwards through the schedule model from the project end date.
Define Issue.
A current condition or situation that may have an impact on the project objectives.
What is a Decision Tree?
A decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences.
What is a Cause and Effect Diagram?
A decomposition technique that helps trace an undesirable effect back to its root cause. It is also known as Fishbone Diagram or Ishikawa Diagram.
What is a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)?
A deliverable-oriented hierarchical breakdown of all the work that needs to be done in order to achieve the project objectives.
What is a Logical Relationship?
A dependency between two activities, or between an activity and a milestone. The four possible types are: Finish-to-Start; Finish-to-Finish; Start-to-Start; and Start-to-Finish.
What is a Successor Activity?
A dependent activity that logically comes after another activity in a schedule. In other words, it’s the “to” activity of a logical relationship in a schedule network.
What is Double Declining Balance depreciation?
A depreciation method in which the depreciation rate is 200% (or double) that of the rate calculated with the Straight-Line depreciation.
What is Straight-line depreciation?
A depreciation method that assumes the same amount of depreciation for each year of a product’s life.
What are Quality Metrics?
A description of a project or product attribute and how to measure it.
What is Requirements Documentation?
A description of how individual requirements meet the business need for the project.
What is a Procurement Statement of Work?
A description of the procurement item in sufficient detail to allow prospective sellers to determine if they are capable of providing the products, services, or results. It includes specifications, quantity desired, quality levels, performance data, period of performance, work location, and other requirements.
Define Vision.
A desired end state, often described as a set of desired objectives and outcomes.
What is a Definitive Estimate?
A detailed estimate developed from well defined information. It is in the range of -5% to +10%.
What is a Flowchart?
A diagrammatic representation of the inputs, process actions, and outputs of one or more processes within a system.
What is Organizational Learning?
A discipline concerned with the way individuals, groups, and organizations develop knowledge.
What is Negotiation?
A discussion aimed at reaching an agreement.
What is an Activity?
A distinct, scheduled portion of work performed during the course of a project.
Define Standard.
A document established by an authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example.
What is a Project Charter?
A document issued by the project initiator or sponsor that formally authorizes the project. It outlines the project objectives, identifies the main stakeholders, and defines the authority of the project manager.
What is a Benefits Realization Plan?
A document outlining the activities necessary for achieving the planned benefits. It identifies a timeline and the tools and resources necessary to ensure the benefits are fully realized over time.
What is a Stakeholder Register?
A document that contains the name and contact information of all the stakeholders, their assessment (major requirements, expectations, influence), and their classification (internal/external and supporter/neutral/resistor).
What is a Project Organization Chart?
A document that graphically depicts the project team members and their interrelationships for a specific project.
What is a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Dictionary?
A document that provides additional details on each element of the WBS, such as a unique ID for each element, description of the work to be done, deliverables, assumptions, milestones, etc.
What is a Team Charter?
A document that records the team values, agreements, and operating guidelines, as well as establishes clear expectations regarding acceptable behavior by project team members.
What is a Change Log?
A document used for recording all the changes that occur during a project and their current status. It also includes the dates when changes were made and the corresponding impact to schedule, cost and risk.
What is an Issue Log?
A document used for recording and monitoring the resolution of issues.
What is a Log?
A document used to record and track selected items (like changes, issues, etc.) during the execution of a process or an activity. Usually used with a modifier, such as issue, change, issue, or assumption.
What is a Business Case?
A documented economic feasibility study used to establish validity of the benefits of a selected component lacking sufficient definition, and that is used as a basis for the authorization of further project management activities. In simple terms, it’s the justification for doing a project.
What is a Project Team Directory?
A documented list of project team members, their project roles, and communication information.
What is Quality Function Deployment (QFD)?
A facilitated workshop technique used in manufacturing industry that helps transform customer needs (the voice of the customer [VOC]) into engineering characteristics for a product or service. These characteristics are then prioritized, and goals are set for achieving them.
What is an Assumption?
A factor that is considered to be true or certain for the purpose of planning, without demonstration or proof.
What is Cost-Benefit Analysis?
A financial analysis tool used to determine the benefits provided by a project against its costs.
What is an Imposed Date?
A fixed date imposed on a schedule activity or schedule milestone, usually in the form of a “start no earlier than” and “finish no later than” date.
What is a Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment (FP-EPA) Contract?
A fixed-price contract, but with a special provision allowing for predefined final adjustments to the contract price due to changed conditions, such as inflation changes, or cost increases (or decreases) for specific commodities.
What is Rolling Wave Planning?
A form of progressive elaboration planning where the work to be accomplished in the near term is planned in detail, while the work far in the future is planned at a relatively higher level.
What is a Predictive Life Cycle?
A form of project life cycle in which the project scope, time, and cost are determined in the early phases of the life cycle.
What is an Interview?
A formal or an informal approach to elicit information from the stakeholders by talking to them directly.
What is a Change Request?
A formal proposal to modify any document, deliverable, or baseline. It may include corrective actions, preventive actions, defect repairs, and updates to project documentation and plans.
What is a Change Control Board (CCB)?
A formally constituted group of stakeholders responsible for reviewing, evaluating, approving, delaying, or rejecting changes to the project, and for recording and communicating the decisions taken.
What is a Requested Change?
A formally documented change request that is submitted for approval to the integrated change control process.
Define Role.
A function that a person is assigned to perform. For example, a project manager’s role is to manage a project and achieve its objectives.
What is Conformance in the context of quality management system?
A general concept of delivering results that fall within the limits that define acceptable variation for a quality requirement.
What is meant by Information Radiator?
A generic term for any of a number of handwritten, drawn, printed or electronic displays which a team places in a highly visible location, so that all team members as well as passers-by can see the latest information at a glance. Examples include task board, burndown chart, incident report, continuous integration status, impediments list, etc.
What is a Schedule?
A generic term for project schedule, or schedule model.
What is a Bar Chart?
A graphic display of schedule-related information. Schedule activities or work breakdown structure components are listed down the left side of the chart, dates are shown across the top, and activity durations are shown as date-placed horizontal bars.
What is an S-Curve?
A graphical display of cumulative costs, labor hours, percentage of work, or other quantities, plotted against time. The S-shape of the curve results from the fact that factors such as cost and work completed are flat (low) at the beginning of a project, increase steadily as the project progresses, and then decline rapidly and become flat toward the end of the project.
What is a Control Chart?
A graphical display of the results of a process over time and against established control limits. Control Charts are used to determine whether a process is “in control” or in need of adjustment.
What is an Influence Diagram?
A graphical representation of a decision problem that shows decisions, uncertainties, and objectives, and how they influence each other.
What is a Burnup Chart?
A graphical representation of how much work is done. The total work is tracked on the vertical axis, with time along the horizontal. It allows progress to be tracked independently of scope changes. Though commonly used in Agile software development, these charts can be applied to any project containing measurable progress over time.
What is a Project Schedule Network Diagram?
A graphical representation of the logical relationships among the project schedule activities. Always drawn from left to right to reflect project work chronology.
What is a Burndown Chart?
A graphical representation of work left to do versus time. The outstanding work (or backlog) is often on the vertical axis, with time along the horizontal. It is useful for predicting when all of the work will be completed. Though commonly used in Agile software development, these charts can be applied to any project containing measurable progress over time.
What is a Requirements Traceability Matrix?
A grid that links product requirements from their origin to the deliverables that satisfy them.
What is a Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)?
A grid that shows the project resources assigned to each work package.
What is Brainstorming?
A group creativity technique by which a group tries to find a solution for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members. It is particularly useful for identifying risks.
What is a Murder Board?
A group of people who try to find reasons to not pursue a project.
What is a Virtual Team?
A group of people with a shared goal who fulfill their roles with little or no time spent meeting face to face.
What is a Risk Category?
A group of potential causes of risk. Examples include technical, external, organizational, environmental, or project management.
What is a Summary Activity?
A group of related activities, which are displayed and reported as a single activity, between two milestones or in a given time period. Mainly used for management communication and better control. It is also known as Hammock Activity.
Define Program.
A group of related projects, subprograms, and program activities managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits not available from managing them individually.
What is a Project Management Knowledge Area?
A grouping of project management processes by areas of specialization.
What is a Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS)?
A hierarchical organization of project risks by risk categories or sources of risks.
What is a Resource Breakdown Structure?
A hierarchical structure of project resources by resource category and type.
What is an Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS)?
A hierarchical structure of the organization that relates each project activity to the organizational unit responsible for it.
What is Kaizen?
A Japanese term - Kai (take apart) and Zen (make good). It’s process improvement technique.
What is Value Stream Mapping?
A lean enterprise technique used to document, analyze, and improve the flow of information or materials required to produce a product or service for a customer.
What is a Non Disclosure Agreement (NDA)?
A legal agreement between parties that outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the parties wish to share with each other for certain purposes, but wish to restrict access to by third parties. It is also known as Confidentiality Agreement.
What is the definition of Constraint?
A limiting factor that affects the execution of a project, program, portfolio, or process.
What is a Milestone List?
A list identifying all project milestones and normally indicates whether the milestone is mandatory or optional.
What is an Activity List?
A list of project activities that shows the activity description, activity identifier and a sufficiently detailed scope of work description so project team members understand what work is to be performed.
What is a Backlog?
A listing of product requirements and deliverables to be completed, written as stories, and prioritized by the business to manage and organize the project’s work.
What is a Project Phase?
A logical group of work within a project, usually resulting in a major deliverable. For example, phases for an IT project could be requirements, design, development, testing and implementation. Note: Project phases are NOT the same as Project Management Process Groups.
What is a Project Management Process Group?
A logical grouping of project management processes. For example, all planning processes are grouped under the Planning Process Group. Project Management Process Groups are not project phases.
What is a Dependency?
A logical relationship between two activities, or between an activity and a milestone. The four possible types are: Finish-to-Start; Finish-to-Finish; Start-to-Start; and Start-to-Finish. It is also known as Logical Relationship.
What is a Start-to-Start (SS) dependency?
A logical relationship in which a successor (“to”) activity cannot start until a predecessor (“from”) activity has started.
What is a Start-to-Finish (SF) dependency?
A logical relationship in which the predecessor (“from”) activity cannot finish until the successor (“to”) activity has started.
Logical Relationship vs Precedence Relationship
A Logical Relationship is a dependency between two schedule activities or a schedule activity and a schedule milestone. In Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM), a Logical Relationship is called a Precedence Relationship.
What is a Fishbowl Window?
A long-lived video conferencing link between the various locations in which the team is dispersed. People start the link at the beginning of a workday, and close it at the end. In this way, people can see and engage spontaneously with each other, reducing the collaboration lag.
What is a Control Account?
A management control point in the WBS where Earned Value measurements take place. It is also known as a Cost Account.
What is a Project Management Office (PMO)?
A management structure that standardizes the project-related governance processes and facilitates the sharing of resources, methodologies, tools, and techniques.
Master Schedule vs Milestone Schedule
A Master Schedule is a high level schedule that identifies the key deliverables and key milestones. A Milestone Schedule is a high level schedule that only identifies key milestones. So, Milestone Schedule can be considered as a subset of Master Schedule.
What is meant by Velocity?
A measure of a team’s productivity rate at which the deliverables are produced, validated, and accepted within a predefined interval. Velocity is a capacity planning approach frequently used to forecast future project work.
What is Cost Performance Index (CPI)?
A measure of cost efficiency on a project. It is the ratio of earned value (EV) to actual cost (AC).
What is Precision in the context of quality management?
A measure of exactness.
What is a Schedule Performance Index (SPI)?
A measure of schedule efficiency expressed as the ratio of Earned Value (EV) to Planned Value (PV).
What is Schedule Variance (SV)?
A measure of schedule performance expressed as the difference between the Earned Value (EV) and the Planned Value (PV).
What is a Focus Group?
A meeting that brings together key stakeholders and subject matter experts to learn about their expectations and attitudes about a proposed product, service, or result. It is conducted by a trained moderator.
What is a Risk Review?
A meeting to examine and document the effectiveness of risk responses in dealing with overall project risk and individual project risks.
What is Bottom-up Estimating?
A method of estimating project duration or cost by aggregating the estimates of the lower-level components of the work breakdown structure (WBS) into an overall estimate for the entire activity or work package.
Define Attribute Sampling.
A method of measuring quality that consists of noting the presence (or absence) of some characteristic (attribute) in each of the units under consideration.
What are Prototypes?
A method of obtaining early feedback on requirements by providing a working model (usually on a smaller scale) of the expected product before actually building it. They help customers visualize their end product and provide early feedback, and reduce the risks on the project.
What is Activity-on-Node (AON)?
A method of representing a precedence diagram.
What is Joint Application Development (JAD)?
A methodology that involves the customer or end users in the design and development of an application, through a series of collaborative workshops. It uses customer involvement and group dynamics to accurately depict the user’s view of the business need and to jointly develop a solution. It is used in the software development industry.
Define Knowledge.
A mixture of experience, values and beliefs, contextual information, intuition, and insight that people use to make sense of new experiences and information.
What is an Update?
A modification to any deliverable, project management plan component, or project document that is not under formal change control.
What is a Change (in the context of project management)?
A modification to any formally controlled deliverable, project management plan component, or project document.
Define Contract.
A mutually binding agreement that obligates the seller to provide the specified product or service or result and obligates the buyer to pay for it.
What is a Statement of Work (SOW)?
A narrative description of products, services, or results to be delivered by the project.
What is a Secondary Risk?
A new risk that emerges as a result of applying risk responses.
Histogram vs Pareto Diagram
A Pareto Diagram is a specific type of Histogram, ordered by frequency of occurrence. It shows how many defects were generated by type or category of the identified cause, and helps the project team focus on the causes creating the greatest number of defects.
What is a Template?
A partially complete document in a predefined format that provides a defined structure for collecting, organizing, and presenting information and data.
Who is a Sponsor?
A person or group who provides resources and support for the project, program, or portfolio and is accountable for enabling success.
Define Stakeholder.
A person, group, or organization (e.g., customer, sponsor, performing organization, or the public) that is actively involved in a project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by the project.
What is a Contingency Plan?
A plan specifying the actions to be taken when a risk event (positive or negative) occurs.
What is a Fallback Plan?
A plan specifying the alternative set of actions to be taken if the primary plan is not effective in dealing with a risk event.
