Decision Support System PowerPoint Flashcards
What levels of organization exists within a company?
- Strategic Level (Highest)
- Tactical Level (Middle)
- Operational Level (Lowest)
What is the logical approach to decision making process?
Decision making as a sequential process driven by diagnosis
What are the phases of the Logical Apporach?
- The Intelligence Phase
- Design Phase
- Choice Phase
- Implementation phase
Explain the Intelligence phase
In the intelligence phase the decision maker examines the organization’s environment for conditions that need decisions
Data is collected from a variety of sources and processed
Explain the Design Phase
The Design phase defines the criteria for the decision
Generates alternatives for meeting the criteria
Defines association between the criteria and the alternatives
Explain the Choice Phase
Involves selecting the best and most effective course of action from the alternatives
Analyzes each alternative and its relationship to the criteria to determine whether it is feasible
A Decision Support System can support this phase through helping sort through possible solultions
Explain the Implementation Phase
Organization plans for carrying out the alternative selected in the choice phase and obtain the resources to implement that plan
DSS does a follow-up assessment on how well a solution is performing
What is the pragmatic Approach to decision making process?
Decision making as an interwoven problem. Emphasizes the interconnected ness of identifying problems, finding solutions and taking action.
Recognizes that effective decision-making involves a dynamic process where these elemetns are intertwined and influence each other.
What are the stages of the pragmatic approach?
- Problem Initiation and Ideal Solution
- Present a problem while having an idea for a solution
- Feasibility Analysis and Evaluating
- Inventing, developing, and analyzing possible courses of action until the time a decision is to be made.
- Choice and Action
- Decision must be made by choosing an alternative and acting.
What is a Decision Support System?
An Interactive information system designed to ASSIST decision makers in an organization
What are the components of DSS?
- Database
- Includes internal and external data, and DBMS
- Model base/ Search
- Mathematical and statistical models
- User Interface
- DSS Engine
- Manages and coordinates the major components
What are the requirements of DSS?
- Be interactive and incorporate the human element as well as hardware and software
- Use Internal and External Data
- Include mathematical and statistical models
- Support decision makers at ALL Organizational levels
- Emphasize semistructured and unstructured tasks
What are some types of DSS
- Communication-Driven DSS
- Data-driven DSS
- Document-driven DSS
- Knowledge-Driven DSS
What are some DSS Capablities?
What-if analysis
Goal-seeking
Sensitivity analysis
Forecasting etc.
What is an Expert System?
A computer system that emulates, or acts in all respects with the decision-making capabilities of a human expert
- It is a particular kind of knowledge-based system
- The knowledge, stored in the knowledge base, has been taken from an expert in a particular field
What are the main components of ES?
- Knowledge base
- Domain specific knowledge
- User Interface
- Database
- Inference engine
- Draws conclusions from the knowledge base
What are examples of early Expert Systems?
MYCIN - Medical diagnosis of illness
DENDRAL
PROSPECTOR
What are some limitations of Expert Systems
Cannot generalize through analogy to reason about new situations in the way people can
Time-consuming and labor-intensive task of building an expert system
How are Expert Systems applied in real-world Scenarios?
- Cancer Decision Support Tool
- Help in early diagnosis of cancer
- Rule-based Expert System in Agriculture
Eg. Diagnose different types of pests - Intelligent Tutoring System
How can knowledge be represented in Expert Systems?
In Rule-based Production Systems knowledge is represented as multiple rules
- production rules can be expressed IF-THEN format
The inference engine then determines which rule antecedents are satisfied by the facts
What is Inferencing?
Inferencing is drawing logical conclusions and making deductions based on available information and knowledge
What are the 2 general methods of inferencing?
- Forward-Chaining
- Data Driven
- Reasoning from facts to the conclusions resulting from those facts
- Backward Chaining
- Goal Driven
- Reasoning in reverse from a hypothesis
- A potential conclusion to be proved to the facts that supoort the hypothesis
- Best for diagnosis problems
