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Sociology > December exam > Flashcards

December exam Flashcards

1
Q

1st wave of feminism

A
  • late 19th to early 20th century
  • suffrage period
  • securing voting rights for women
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2
Q

2nd wave of feminism

A
  • 1960s-1970s
  • right to education, work and equal play
  • traditional gender roles being challenged
  • birth control becomes accessible
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3
Q

3rd wave of feminism

A
  • 1990s-present
  • challenged white middle-class orientation
  • Broadening the agenda of feminism as a movement to account for the needs of women of colour and working-class women
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4
Q

4th wave of feminism

A
  • 2010s-present
  • focus on intersectional approaches to feminism
  • the use and the impact of the internet and social media
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5
Q

standpoint theory

A
  • Marginalized people have a unique standpoint based on their marginalized identity
  • Women have a unique point of view that can deepen insight into women’s experiences
  • critique: There is not a universal experience of being a “woman”
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6
Q

gender and the big 3

A

conflict theory: How does gender contribute to economic inequality between men and women

Functionalism: what is the function of gender in society (function of gender norms and roles)

Symbolic interactionism: How does gender affect our everyday interactions

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7
Q

tenants of critical race theory

A
  1. racism is ordinary - a permanent feature of American society
  2. Our system of ‘white-over-colour’ serves important purposes for the dominant group
  3. The social construction theory - race and races are products of social thought and relations
  4. People of colour have a unique voice, one that needs to be heard
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8
Q

Patricia Hill Collins

A
  • First Black woman to serve as ASA president
  • the outsider within
  • developed black feminist thought
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9
Q

the outsider within

A
  • focused on the experiences of black women in academia
  • presence does not equal inclusion
  • black women scholars occupy a strategic position which allows them 3 things
    1. objectivity
    2. Peoples tendency to confide in strangers
    3. the ability to see things that those too immersed cannot
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10
Q

3 themes of black feminist thought

A
  1. Self-definition and self-valuation
    → Self-definition – resisting external stereotypes of Black women
    → Self-valuation – replacing degrading images with authentic representation
  2. Matrix of domination/intersectionality
    → coexistence of power and privilege
    → black women are able to look at overlapping systems of power
  3. Importance of BFT for Black women’s culture
    → has the potential to redefine culture
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11
Q

Smith - research through empirical eyes

A
  • Western knowledge inaccurately reflects the histories and experiences of Indigenous peoples
  • Western knowledge is rooted in positivism
  • western ideas are the most rational ideas, the most fundamental to our understanding of the social world
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12
Q

POSITIVISM

A
  • routed in objectivity
  • suggests that phenomena can be observed and researched objectively and that research should not be subjective
  • macro
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13
Q

INTERPRETIVISM

A
  • The practice of seeking out subjective meanings and interpretations as a main source of knowledge
  • micro
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14
Q

Imperialism

A

extending a country’s power and influence on another country through economic or political force

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15
Q

Colonialism

A

Where one country physically exerts complete control over another country

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16
Q

gender and essentialism

A
  • the belief that gender is biologically determined – it is immutable and cannot be changed
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17
Q

Judith Butler

A
  • forefront of queer theory
  • Gender trouble 1990
  • gender is:
    1. socially constructed - (not inherent attributes)
    2. historical - shift over time
    3. restricted - gender possibilities aren’t open and are restricted by social, cultural and power dynamics
    4. performative - determined through its performative nature
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18
Q

Queer theory

A
  • used to define those who fall outside the hegemonic binaries of gender and sexuality
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19
Q

TERFs

A
  • Trans Exclusionary Radical Feminists
  • trans women challenge gender views of what it means to be a women
  • queer theorists challenge the system of oppression and marginalization
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20
Q

critiques of queer theory

A
  • gone too far by focusing on the discursive production of identities
  • westernized
  • inaccessible
  • erased the lived experiences of individual actors who suffer material oppressions
  • lost its revolutionary potential
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21
Q

intersectionality

A

used to analyze power relations and intersecting systems of oppression

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22
Q

Kimberle Crenshaw

A
  • Coined the term intersectionality
  • black women have a unique discrimination from being black and being a women
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23
Q

3 realms where women of colour experience gendered issues differently

A
  1. structural - How different structures in society (laws, resources, policies) create different experiences for women of colour versus white women
  2. political - Examines the ways that feminists and anti-racist politics contribute to the oppression of women of colour
  3. Representational - Identifies how the cultural representation of women of colour fails to account for their experience of both racism and sexism
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24
Q

6 CORE ELEMENTS OF INTERSECTIONALITY

A
  1. social inequality
  2. relational thinking
  3. power
  4. social context
  5. complexity
  6. social justice
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25
Q

ORIGINS OF INTERSECTIONALITY

A
  • COMBAHEE RIVER COLLECTIVE - Black Lesbian organization active in the 1970s
  • promoted intersectional frameworks through activism
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26
Q

ways of knowing

A
  • informal observation
  • selective observation
  • overgeneralization
  • authority
  • research methods
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27
Q

informal observation

A
  • when we make observations without any systematic process or assessing accuracy of what we observed
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28
Q

selective observation

A
  • when we see only the patterns that we want to see or when we assume that only the patterns we have experienced exist
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29
Q

overgeneralization

A
  • when we assume that broad patterns exist even when our observations have been limited
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30
Q

authority

A
  • a socially defined source of knowledge that might shape our beliefs about what is true and what is not true
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31
Q

research methods

A
  • an organized and logical way of learning and knowing about our social world
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32
Q

independent variable

A
  • the variable that is manipulated and controled in an experiment
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33
Q

dependent variable

A
  • the variable the researcher measures but does not manipulate in an experiment
34
Q

Steps in the research process

A
  1. DEFINE THE PROBLEM - What do you hope to investigate?
  2. REVIEW THE LITERATURE - What has already been found, Where does your research fit in?
  3. FORMULATE RESEARCH QUESTIONS / HYPOTHESES
  4. SELECTING THE RESEARCH DESIGN - Quantitative or Qualitative
  5. DEVELOPING THE CONCLUSION - Drawing on your data, determine whether your findings support or refute your hypotheses/research questions
35
Q

Causal logic

A

the relationship between variables such that one variable leads to the other

36
Q

Correlation

A

the relationship between variables such that a change in one coincides with a change in the other

37
Q

Quantitative

A

data that can be represented by and condensed into numbers (surveys, content analysis, etc)

38
Q

Qualitative

A

ways of collecting data that yield results such as words, narratives, or pictures (field research, interviews, focus groups, etc.)

39
Q

Participant observation

A

when an investigator tries to gain entrance into a foreign culture so they immerse themselves in it to gain a better understanding of that society

40
Q

Ethnography

A

the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation

41
Q

Field Research

A

research that involves observing and studying social behaviour in settings where it occurs naturally

42
Q

Content Analysis

A

systematic coding and objective recording of data guided by some rationale

43
Q

Traditional criminology

A
  • largely focused on individual criminal conduct (uncovering why individuals commit crime) and the efficacy of criminal justice measures
44
Q

critical criminology

A
  • views crime as a consequence of social and economic institutions, processes of labelling, meaning-making and stigmatization
  • why individuals commit crimes or view themselves as deviant
45
Q

Social Control Theory

A
  • the techniques and strategies for PREVENTING deviant human behaviour in any society
  • those who are highly socially integrated will be less willing to engage in deviance due to concerns about the potential damage to relationships and roles that such behaviour might cause
  1. Attachment:
    → people with attachment to others are less willing to engage in deviance for fear of losing those attachments and disappointing people
  2. Commitment:
    → if you are committed to conventional goals you are going to be reluctant to engage in behaviour that will disrupt that commitment
  3. involvement:
    → the more time you spend in pro-social activities (spots, clubs), the less time you will have to engage in deviance or crime
  4. Belief:
    → the extent to which an individual believes in the law
    → if you believe in laws you will be less willing to disobey them
46
Q

STRAIN THEORY (MERTON)

A
  • Anomie leads to engagement in criminal behaviour
  • Conformity:
    → Accept and adapt to the cultural norms and abide by rules to achieve goals
  • Ritualism:
    →Accept their social status and work to achieve goals that they find realistic
  • Innovation:
    → Create their own means to achieve societal goals
    → Pushes people to engage in criminal behaviour
  • Retreatism:
    → Reject goals and means
    → Retreat from society
  • Rebellion:
    → Reject cultural goals of their society
    → Create new means and new goals
47
Q

DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (SUTHERLAND)

A
  • Emphasizes that individuals learn criminal behaviour by interacting with others
  • Basic Premise
    → people are more likely to engage in norm-defying behaviour if they are part of a group or subculture that stresses deviant behaviour values (street groups)
  • crime is learned not inherent
48
Q

Primary deviance

A
  • any behaviour that departs from a social norm, yet causes no long-term consequences for the individual (no societal reaction or stigmatization)
49
Q

Secondary deviance

A
  • occurs when society labels the person engaging in this behaviour as deviant
  • has long-term consequences
  • internalizing the deviant label being applied
50
Q

ALEXANDER (2012)

A
  • The War on Drugs is a form of racialized social control
  • Incarceration has grown at fast rates and drug offenders make up the majority of the prison population
  • White people use and sell more drugs, but Black and Brown people make up the overwhelming majority of drug-related incarcerations
  • Cops have too much power (discretion) in deciding where, when, and whom to arrest
  • Colour-blind racism enables the courts to systematically challenge claims of racial biases
51
Q

WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION

A
  • the lifelong process whereby we learn:
    attitudes, values, behaviours
52
Q

FREUD & THE SELF

A

ID:
→ driven by pleasure
→ needs immediate satisfaction
→ our wants, needs and desires

EGO:
→ responds to desires expressed by the ID
→ Make sure responses are expressed in an acceptable manner

SUPEREGO:
→ perfects and civilizes our behaviour
→ acts upon idealistic standards rather than realistic principles

53
Q

Cooley and the looking glass self

A
  • people shaping their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them
  1. Imagine how we present ourselves to others
  2. Imagine how others evaluate us based on these presentations
  3. Define ourselves as a result of these impressions
54
Q

Mead and the self

A

The I:
→ our acting self; the part of the self that walks, reads, sings, smiles, etc

The Me:
→ based on the standards we have learned in interaction with others

55
Q

DRAMATURGY (FRONT & BACKSTAGE SELF):

A

front stage:
- what you display of yourself in interaction with others
- altering the presentation of yourself to be an idealized version

Backstage:
- who you are when relaxed
- your true self

56
Q

Impression management

A
  • altering the presentation of yourself as the idealized version
57
Q

INTERACTION RITUALS

A
  1. Presentation rituals:
    → ex) compliments, acknowledging someone
  2. Avoidance rituals:
    → individual respects the privacy of others through avoiding behaviours
  3. Maintenance rituals:
    → reaffirm the well-being of a relationship
    → maintain a relationship
  4. Ratification rituals:
    → mark the passage of an individual from one status to another
    → ex) celebratory messages when people get married, have children, graduation
  5. Access rituals:
    → in and out of face-to-face interactions
    → ex) saying hello when seeing someone and goodbye when leaving
58
Q

POVERTY

A
  • the lack of access to basic resources deemed normal or necessary in a society
59
Q

Market Basket Measure (MBM)

A
  • based on the cost of a specific basket of goods and services representing a modest, basic standard of living
  • costs are compared to the disposable income of families to determine whether or not they fall below the poverty line
60
Q

Bourdieu’s forms of capital

A
  • Economic Capital
  • Cultural Capital
  • Social Capital
  • Symbolic Capital
61
Q

economic capital

A
  • money/economic status
    → ex) property rights
62
Q

Cultural Capital

A
  • personal dispositions, cultural goods, education
  • Embodied state:
    → qualities of the mind and body (appearance, accent, mannerisms, posture
  • Objectified state:
    → material objects, cultural goods that are material transmittal, someone who is well-read (knowledge of reading), art (art collectors)
  • Institutionalized state:
    → education
63
Q

Social Capital

A
  • your relationships with others, social connections/networks
  • can be converted into economic capital
64
Q

Symbolic Capital

A
  • recognition of some form related to the other 3 forms of capital
  • honour, prestige, recognition, awards
  • prestige is associated with certain jobs
65
Q

material culture

A
  • Physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
66
Q

non-material culture

A
  • Ways of using material objects as well as customs, ideas, expressions, beliefs, knowledge, philosophies, patterns of communication, etc
67
Q

Intergenerational

A
  • social movements experienced by family members from one generation to the next
68
Q

intragenerational

A
  • social movement of individuals within their own lifetime
69
Q

cultural lag

A
  • period of adjustment when nonmaterial culture is struggling to adapt to new conditions of the material culture
70
Q

Cultural relativism

A
  • viewing others’ behaviour from the perspective of our own culture
71
Q

6 ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE

A
  1. statuses
  2. social roles
  3. groups
  4. social networks
  5. virtual worlds
  6. social institutions
72
Q

statuses

A
  • socially defined and ranked positions within a society
  • ascribed:
    → status/position assigned to people at birth by society
  • achieved:
    → status/position we have the power to change throughout life
  • master:
    → status that dominates all others
    →
73
Q

social roles

A

expectations for people who occupy certain social status

74
Q

Groups

A
  • people who interact with similar norms, values, and expectations
  • in group:
    → any group where you feel like you belong
  • out-group:
    → any group where you feel like you do not belong (clubs, sports, popular kids)
75
Q

Social Institutions

A
  • organized pattern of beliefs and behaviour centered on basic social needs
    → fulfill some function
76
Q

conflict theory

A
  • Marx
  • Society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources
  • The struggle for resources, status, and power creates conflicts which lead to social change
  • a capitalist’s main objective is maximizing profits and accumulating capital by exploiting the working class
77
Q

critiques of conflict theory

A
  • Ignores important concepts/phenomena in society:
  • Ignores that some aspects of relations are beneficial
78
Q

functionalism

A
  • Durkheim
  • emphasizes that society’s parts are necessarily structured to maintain its stability
  • Society needs a certain level of social cohesion or integration to function
79
Q

critiques of functionalism

A
  • Ignores or downplays major issues in society
    → suggests we are acting on societal pressure
80
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A
  • weber
  • individuals shape society through interactions and interpretations
  • Society doesn’t exist without the people who make it up
81
Q

critiques of symbolic interactionism

A
  • Too narrowly focused on meaning and interpretation
  • Neglects important analyses of the social world, like social structure and culture
82
Q

critiques of the big three in general

A
  1. Racist production of knowledge
  2. assumed a universal white subjectivity
  3. didn’t consider the role of race in our social structures
  4. did not use intersectional frameworks
  5. ignored structural patterns of domination outside of class
  6. lacked a transnational perspective

Sociology (14 decks)

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