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Christianity > Death & the Afterlife > Flashcards

Death & the Afterlife Flashcards

1
Q

What do Roman Catholics believe happens to those who are not baptised and are not Christians after death?

A

•They will go to Hell

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2
Q

Where do the majority of Christians go after death according to Roman Catholics?

A

•They will go to Purgatory
- This is supported by their interpretations of the quote that “fire will test the quality of each person’s work”

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3
Q

Who are the only people that go directly to Heaven according to Roman Catholics?

A

•Saints

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4
Q

What are the Roman Catholic beliefs surrounding Heaven?

A

•They describe Heaven as a place where purified souls live a perfect life with God through seeing and knowing Him directly
- This is supported by Roman Catholics claiming that Heaven is the “ultimate end and fulfilment of the deepest human longings, the state of supreme, definitive happiness”

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5
Q

What quote supports the Roman Catholic belief that some people end up in Hell through their own free choices?

A

•They argue that “we cannot be united with God unless we freely choose to love him”
- This is supported by people who choose not to repent and who do not accept God’s love as they end up in Hell
* This means they believe God does not predestine anyone to Hell

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6
Q

What do Roman Catholics believe the main punishment of Hell is?

A

•They believe the main punishment is the separation from God as without God we cannot be happy
- This is supported by them describing Hell as a “state of definitive self-exclusion from communion with God”

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7
Q

What are the 3 reasons for why Protestants do not believe in Purgatory?

A
  1. It is not directly in the Bible which means the belief is based on interpretations and Church Teachings
  2. It led to the belief in indulgences and prayers for the dead which Protestants believe they created to exploit people (supported by Luther)
  3. They believe salvation is through faith alone which means we do not need to be perfect to be saved
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8
Q

What was one of the core principles for the Reformation?

A

•The rejection of Purgatory
- This is displayed by Protestants moving away from Church Teachings that are not supported by the Bible

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9
Q

What do Protestants believe happens after death?

A
  • Unbelievers will go to Hell
  • Believers will go to Heaven
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10
Q

How are recent Protestant Theologians returning to the idea of Purgatory?

A

•They are now referring to Purgatory as an “intermediate state” or “progressive sanctification after death”

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11
Q

Who argues that Protestant Theologians returning to the idea of Purgatory is an important development?

A

•Hick
- This is because he believes “the gap between the individual’s perfection at the end of his life and the perfect heavenly state in which he is to participate has to be bridged”

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12
Q

What does Augustine believe about Hell?

A

•He believes that those who are dammed to Hell have bodies and are able to burn forever in literal flames
* This means he believes that Hell is a physical place and that we will be physically resurrected

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13
Q

What does the Catechism of the Catholic Church affirm the real existence of?

A

•It affirms the physical existence of Heaven, Hell and Purgatory

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14
Q

What does Apostle’s Creed state?

A

•It states that “I believe in the resurrection of the body”
- This is accepted by many Christian Churches

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15
Q

Who argues that Heaven is the 1st part of a 2 stage afterlife, where at the end of time, when Jesus returns, everyone will receive new bodies and spend the rest of eternity on a new Earth?

A

•N.T Wright

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16
Q

Who established the Replica Theory?

A

•Hick
- He uses this to display that if at the instant of death, we are
re-created identically to how we were when alive, there would be no difference between our replica and the “real” us
* This supports that the resurrection of a physical body is possible

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17
Q

Arguments for a physical afterlife:

A
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18
Q

Arguments against a physical afterlife:

A
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19
Q

What approach of the afterlife does Reverend Hempel take?

A

•Annihilationism
- This is the belief people do not go to Hell, but are instead passed out of existence

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20
Q

How does Hick criticise a physical afterlife?

A

•He argues that the immediate division of people into a literal Heaven and Hell straight after death does not reflect the varying ways in which people can be good and bad
- This means Hick believes it is a too simplistic division

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21
Q

What perspective of people normally believe that the afterlife is spiritual?

A

•Dualists
- This is because they believe the body and soul are 2 different entities and that after death, only the soul survives (due to the soul being the spiritual part of a human)

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22
Q

Who argues the Beatific Vision in Heaven will be experienced through our intellect rather than our bodily eyes?

A

•Aquinas
* However, he still believes that Heaven is both a physical and spiritual place

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23
Q

Why does Hick believe the afterlife is spiritual?

A

•He believes the afterlife is spiritual due to claiming that living future embodied lives is not our ultimate end
- This is because physical bodies are necessary for our journey towards perfection but not our ultimate end of being “a perfect community of mutually open centres of consciousness”
* This makes the afterlife a spiritual place as it is where humans will be united together by a mutual love, where there will be no time or embodied states

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24
Q

Who argues we could still be ourselves in a disembodied existence (spiritual afterlife)?

A

•Price
- He argues that just as we experience dreams in a “dream body” in this life, the afterlife could be a similar kind of dream world where we retain our memories/personalities and would be able to telepathically communicate with other disembodied souls

25
Q

Arguments for the afterlife being spiritual:

A
26
Q

Arguments against the afterlife being spiritual:

A
27
Q

Who argues that Price’s idea of a “dream world” would be pointless due to it not being creative or
life-giving in anyway?

A

•Vardy
- He argues this due to believing it would not allow us to grow as people and due to there being no concept of an interpersonal existence
* This means a common world would be needed for moral progress and to form real relationships

28
Q

What does D.Z Phillips argue about the afterlife?

A

•He argues that the afterlife “is not an extension of this present life, but a mode of judging it”
- He supports this through the quote “sub specie aeternitatis” which means we judge ourselves and the way we live from an eternal perspective (similar to the way God judges us)

29
Q

Who believes that God will remember all the good things we have done and the good in our lives?

A

•Tillich
- This allows us to have an afterlife due to the fact we will live on in divine memory

30
Q

How does Hartshorne believe we will live on in divine memory?

A

•He believes that living on in divine memory is comparable to “social immortality” as we will have an afterlife in the complete and infallible memory of God
* This can be supported by the example of famous people due to the fact they live on in our memories even after they die

31
Q

Arguments for a symbolic afterlife:

A
32
Q

Arguments against a symbolic afterlife:

A
33
Q

What is election/predestination?

A

•It is the selection of people that God chooses to go to Heaven

34
Q

What are the 3 different version of election?

A
  1. Limited (only a few Christians will be saved)
  2. Unlimited (everyone will have the chance of salvation, but not all will be saved)
  3. Universal (everyone will be saved)
35
Q

Who is limited election associated with?

A

•Calvin
- He believes that God chooses who he wants to save without any regard to our actions, thoughts or beliefs
- He believes that God decided who the elect were before the creation of the world and that there is nothing we can do to stop it

36
Q

What quote supports limited election?

A

•”All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to damnation”

37
Q

What concept of predestination did Calvin establish?

A

•He established ‘Double Predestination’
- This is when God predestines people to Heaven and Hell

38
Q

What 2 quotes from the Bible support predestination?

A
  1. “For those God foreknew he also predestined”
  2. “In him we were also chosen, having been predestined according to the plan of him”
39
Q

What are 2 reasons why some Christians disagree with Calvin?

A
  1. They believe that ‘Double Predestination’ is too extreme as it seems unfair to predestine some people to Hell
  2. They argue that limited election means that salvation was only ever intended for a limited number of people
40
Q

What perspectives is unlimited election mainly associated with?

A

•Arminianism (Arminius) and Methodism

41
Q

What does Arminius believe about unlimited election?

A

•He believes that it is when God chooses some people to be saved, but offers the chance of salvation to all people and it is our choice whether we accept the offer of salvation or not

42
Q

How does Arminius criticise Calvin?

A

•He criticises Calvin due to the lack of free will he ascribes to humans
- This is why he wanted a theory of salvation that maintained free will but also supported the belief that salvation can only come through God’s grace (not our actions)

43
Q

What does Arminius believe God offers?

A

•He believes that God offers ‘prevenient grace’
- This is the grace that God offers to everyone which allows us to have the choice of whether or not we follow God
* This makes God’s choice of who goes to Heaven conditional as it is dependent on our acceptance of what Christ has done for us

44
Q

Why is Calvin’s view of election unconditional?

A

•It is unconditional due to Calvin believing God’s choice of who went to Heaven does not depend upon anything we do or do not

45
Q

What quote from the Bible supports Arminius’ concept of ‘prevenient grace’?

A

•”He is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not only for ours but also for the sins of the whole world”

46
Q

What quote from the Bible supports the universalist belief?

A

•”God our saviour, who wants all people to be saved and to come to a knowledge of the truth”

47
Q

Why do universalists believe in universal election?

A

•They believe due to claiming that a loving God would not condemn anyone to Hell or annihilation and because God would not create a world in which everyone cannot be saved

48
Q

What statement do universalists declare?

A

•”We contend that God will, as the Bible declares, ‘have mercy upon all’”

49
Q

What do universalists believe happens after death?

A

•They believe that our actions will be judged, but that the judgements will be temporary and limited
* This means there will not be an eternal Hell

50
Q

What do universalists believe our punishment will be?

A

•They believe our punishment will be divine and reformative
- This will help us to grow closer to perfection and mean no one will ever run out of opportunities to turn to God
* This allows for everyone to reconcile with God

51
Q

Who had a similar theory of salvation to the universalists?

A

•Hick
- Replica Theory which allows us to ultimately achieve the “perfect community of mutually open centres of consciousness”

52
Q

What does Hick argue about his theory?

A

•He argue that his theory is the only way to make sense of evil and suffering in this world due to everyone being rewarded with a final state of happiness

53
Q

What are the 3 reasons why Christians disagree with universal election despite finding it attractive?

A
  1. The Bible is clear that after death we will be judged and that there is a Heaven/Hell
  2. It provides very little motivation to live well in this life or to follow Christianity
  3. It does not seem very just as many people would argue not everyone deserves salvation
54
Q

What parable display God’s judgement?

A

•The parable of the Sheep and the Goats
- It describes judgement as taking place “when the Son of Man comes in his glory” (the second coming of Christ at the end of time)
- It also seems to judge us based on our actions as those who helped people were righteous (go to Heaven) and those who did not help people were unrighteous (go to Hell)

55
Q

What does the Catholic Church believe about judgement?

A

•It believes that there is an individual judgement for each person after death
- It also believes there will be a universal judgement during the second coming of Christ

56
Q

Who supports that there will be a second judgement?

A

•N.T Wright
- He believes there will be a second judgment but that we will be given new bodies and that there will be a new Heaven and a new Earth where we will live

57
Q

What do Calvinists, Arminians and Universalists all have in common?

A

•They all believe that our actions alone cannot save us
- They believe this due to The Fall, original sin and atonement through the death of Jesus as they all show how it is not our actions that save us

58
Q

Why might the parable of the Sheep and the Goats judge us on our actions?

A
  1. Due to our actions revealing who we are and the path we have chosen (if we have accepted God’s grace we will help people and if we have not we will treat people badly)
  2. The judgment may be on the belief shown through the actions rather than the actions themselves
59
Q

What does the parable of the Sheep and the Goats display about the afterlife?

A

•It establishes the idea of a physical Heaven and Hell where people will suffer or experience happiness
- However, it also uses symbolic imagery which makes it easy to interpret as a moral teaching about how we should behave rather than a factual teaching that tells us what happens after death

Christianity (11 decks)

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