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Year Two RS > Death and the Afterlife > Flashcards

Death and the Afterlife Flashcards

1
Q

disembodied existence

A

existing without a physical body

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2
Q

beatific vision

A

a face to face encounter with God

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3
Q

limited election

A

the view that God chooses only a small number of people for heaven

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4
Q

unlimited election

A

the view that all people are called to salvation but only a few will be saved

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5
Q

universalism

A

all people will be saved

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6
Q

parousia

A

used to refer to the second coming of Christ

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7
Q

what does Christianity teach about life after death

A
  • people resurrected and live on in a new dimension some with God in heaven - person given a renewed spiritual body in which to continue their journey into the next life
  • Bible teaching not always clear on how it should be interpreted
  • and it often contradicts with other teachings - reference to hell and eternal punishment contradicts with God of infinite love
  • free will contradicts with omniscience and predestination
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8
Q

what biblical things allude to resurrection

A
  • Genesis “Abraham breathes his last breath and died at a good old age and he was gathered to his people”
  • Jesus’ tomb was empty
  • other biblical passages about future hope and the ‘Last days’ which evidence resurrection
  • Book of Daniel - “multitudes who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake: some to everlasting life others to shame and everlasting contempt”
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9
Q

what does the Book of Daniel teach about resurrection

A
  • probably written as a way of encouraging views who were persecuted for their faith
  • life after death as a way of coping
  • during religious persecution those who seemed the most faithful to God often came off as the worst
  • a god of love and justice must make it possible to be rewarded after death
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10
Q

what do Christians say happen to Jesus after his death

A
  • in gospel accounts he was seen as a physical person walking around
  • physically present and could be experienced by the senses of those that were there
  • could not be heard or touched and his appearance seemed to have change
  • then ascended to heaven most believing he continued to live in the transformed spiritual body
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11
Q

what did Paul think about Jesus’ resurrection

A
  • Paul adamant he had risen from dead

- thought it was a promise for all Christians - they too would be resurrected - not unique to Jesus

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12
Q

2 Corinthians 5

A

“for we know that if the earthly tent we live in is destroyed we have a building from God, an eternal house in heaven not built by human hands”

  • the bodies we live in now are not truly us
  • get a more substantial and eternal home in the afterlife
  • this body is impermanent
  • seems to echo Platonic way of understanding this physical life on earth as temporary
  • transformed to not have sin anymore in the afterlife
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13
Q

what three ideas are central to Christian teaching on life after death

A
  • resurrection will involve a bodily life of some form not just disembodied spiritual existence
  • resurrected bodies will be spiritual and glorified
  • no longer capable of corruption/destruction
  • resurrected person same as one who died - continue as individuals
  • will not merge with God in some way
  • its a miracle given by God not just a natural process
  • resurrected through gift/grace of God
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14
Q

who is election or predestination associated with

A
  • Calvin and Augustine
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15
Q

what is to believe in election

A
  • believe God chooses the eternal destiny of each person
  • knows before we are born who will go to heaven and hell due to his omniscience and atemporal existence
  • does not just know but chooses it himself
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16
Q

three different types of election

A
  • limited - Augustine - only a few Christians will be saved
  • unlimited - all people called to salvation but not everyone responds so only some saved
  • Hick - universalist belief - all will be saved
17
Q

pelagianism

A
  • people born with a blank slate and could earn a place in heaven
  • Augustine disagreed
18
Q

why did Augustine disagree with pelagianism (born with blank slate)

A
  • original sin from Adam and Eve (the Fall)
  • no one can earn salvation through own efforts
  • only by grace of God can get it
19
Q

Augustine and predestination

A
  • thought people predestined for heaven or hell due to God’s foreknowledge
  • but as Augustine got older he moved towards belief God did not only know who would be saved but chose those people
  • thought people might find idea harsh and uncompromising but for him election was sign of grace of god
  • the fact that after original sin God allows anyone to be saved at all is evidence of his love and mercy
20
Q

what Bible teachings did Augustine base his ideas about predestination on

A

Romans 8:28-32
- “for those God foreknew he predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son”

Ephesians 1:3-12
- “in him we were chosen having been predestined according to the plan of him who works out everything in conformity with the purpose of his will”

21
Q

what did John Calvin teach

A
  • God has predestined some to eternal punishment some to eternal life with him
  • based on unshakeable sovereignty of God
  • God is in absolute control/knowledge over everything that happens
  • no one could turn to faith or reject God when he had expected otherwise
22
Q

what quote did Calvin do

A
  • “all are not created on equal terms, each has been predestined to life or to death”
23
Q

why has limited election not been universally accepted by Christians

A
  • gives a controlling picture of God
  • leaves no room for human freedom of choice
  • if God knows and controls what we do there seems little point in acting morally
  • no point in worshipping God
  • if predestined for hell surely we can act however we want because it won’t change the outcome
  • message of Christianity is love for God and the possibility of salvation that it brings for all people not just a few - led to doctrine of unlimited election
24
Q

who developed the doctrine of unlimited election

A
  • Karl Barth
25
Q

what did Karl Barth argue

A
  • Jesus brought salvation for the whole world
  • saw election in terms of choice
  • election as the choice that God made to send Jesus, the elected man, into this world
  • God made this choice for the purpose of saving a sinful humanity
  • combining idea people only saved if God chooses, not through their own efforts, with idea that God would not only choose a few for salvation
  • Jesus is “electing God and elected man”
  • election of individuals bound up with election of Jesus as their representative
  • Jesus elected so everyone can have possibility of eternal life
26
Q

what did John Hick think about life after death and salvation

A
  • Barth argued salvation for all with faith in Jesus
  • Hick went further - god saves all whatever their belief
  • spent time in multicultural Birmingham - through contact with good people of other faiths he came to view that God of love would not reject everyone but Christians
  • universalist
  • believed afterlife will provide further opportunities for people to develop their faith in God and grow towards making a choice for him
  • dif religions dif expressions of the same universal human desire for God - no right religion
27
Q

how did Cardinal Ratzinger criticise Hick and his universalist beliefs

A
  • argued Hick’s view made Christ’s death on the cross seem pointless
  • if everyone going to be saved regardless of whether they accept Christianity then the sacrificial death of Christ just becomes one of the many possible ways to heaven rather than a once and for all cosmic event
28
Q

key quotes from the parable of the sheep and the goats

A

“come you who are blessed by my father; take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world”

“all the nations will be gathered before him and he will separate the people from one another”

“then they will go away to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life”

29
Q

issue with parable of sheep and goats in terms of middle ground

A
  • there is none

- there is a sharp distinction between the sheep and the goats

30
Q

discuss issue with parable of the sheep and goats in terms of Christian belief and behaviour

A
  • those who are rewarded are for their behaviour, there is no mention of the need for them to be Christians or even to believe in God at all
  • already Christians if behave well though
  • the reason the sheep behave as they do is as a result of their salvation (predestination) not as a cause of it
  • God has ‘prepared a place for them’
  • the goats have failed to take the opportunities available to do good
  • by ignoring it they were ignoring Christ
31
Q

sum up Aquinas

A
  • admired Aristotle
  • but also held a more Platonic view about the possibility of soul surviving death of body and being capable of the Beatific vision
32
Q

how did Aquinas follow Aristotle

A
  • taught soul was a life principle and the form
  • distinctive character of living things
  • all living things have souls (essential characteristics)
  • animals sensitive
  • plants vegetative soul e.g.
  • humans souls different
  • our souls don’t die
  • we have a rational soul which enables life after death
  • soul gives us ability to achieve our purpose and reach potential
  • to reason and make free choice to love God with the final goal of reward of living eternally with God
33
Q

Aquinas on happiness

A
  • in this life although we are happy its never perfect as we no its only temporary
  • often brought about by material circumstances subject to change
  • perfect happiness only achievable after death living outside time in state of bliss
  • in presence of god where faith replaced with knowledge
  • all doubt gone in beatific vision
34
Q

1 corinthians 13:12

A

“for now we see only a reflection as in a mirror then we shall see face to face now I know in part then i shall know fully”

35
Q

what problem does the beatific vision solve

A
  • because Aquinas said afterlife timeless and spaceless beatific visions does not have same issues as Protestant understanding of heaven
  • if its timeless in been a single simultaneity rather than a timeline there is no need to wonder what people in heaven would be doing all the time and how they would fill endless days without bordeom
  • its just one eternal moment in the presence of God
36
Q

what are the issues with the beatific vision

A
  • if the soul is timeless in the presence of God it is difficult to understand how this could be the same person as the one with the physical body on earth
  • many of the characteristics that make us people involve a relationship with linear time
  • the difference between a person living in time and a timeless soul is perhaps so great that it is impossible to assert that this person experiencing the beatific vision is really the same person as before death

Year Two RS (25 decks)

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