dealing with offending behaviour: custodial sentencing Flashcards

1
Q

what does custodial sentencing involve?

A

a convicted offender spending time in prison or another closed institution such as a young offender’s institute or psychiatric hospital

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2
Q

what are the 4 aims of custodial sentencing?

A
  1. deterrence
  2. incapacitation
  3. retribution
  4. rehabilitation
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3
Q

how does deterrence work?

A
  • the unpleasant prison experience is designed to put off the individual or society at large from engaging in offending behaviour
  • this view is based on the behaviourist idea of conditioning through vicarious punishment
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4
Q

what 2 levels does deterrence work on?

A
  • general deterrence: aims to send a broad message to members of a given society that crime will not be tolerated
  • individual deterrence: preventing the individual from repeating the same offences due to their experience
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5
Q

what is incapcitation?

A

offender is taken out of society to prevent them reoffending to protect the public

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6
Q

what does the need for incapcitation depend on?

A
  • severity of the offence
  • nature of the offender
  • eg. individuals in society will require more protection from a serial murderer than someone who refuses to pay council tax
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7
Q

what is retribution?

A
  • society enacting devenge for the offence by making the offender suffer
  • level of suffering should be proportionate to the seriousness of the offence
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8
Q

what is retribution based on?

A
  • biblical notion of an ‘eye for an eye’
  • offender should in some way pay for their actions
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9
Q

why do many people see prison as the best possible option?

A
  • sense of retribution and offenders paying for their actions
  • alternatives to prisons are often critcised as soft options
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10
Q

what is rehabilitation?

A

upon release, offenders should leave prison better adjusted and ready to take their place back in society

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11
Q

what should prisons provide to rehabilitate an offender?

A
  • opportunities to develop skills and training
  • access to treatment programmes (eg. for drug addiction or anger)
  • give the offender the chance to reflect on their offence
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12
Q

what are the possible psychological effects of custodial sentencing?

A
  • stress
  • depression
  • institutionalisation
  • prisonisation
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13
Q

psychological effects of CS: stress

A

stress of the prison experience increases the risk of developing psychological disorders following release

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14
Q

psychological effects of CS: depression

A

suicide rates are considerably higher in prison than in the general population, as are incidents of self-mutilation and self-harm

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15
Q

psychological effects of CS: institutionalisation

A

having adapted to the norms and routines of prison life, inmates may become so accustomed to these that they are no longer able to function on the outside

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16
Q

psychological effects of CS: prisonisation

A
  • refers to the way in which prisoners are socialised into adopting an ‘inmate code’
  • behaviour that may be considered unacceptable in the outside world may be encouraged and rewarded in prison
17
Q

who is most at risk of the negative psychological effects of custodial sentencing?

A

young single men during the first 24 hours of confinement

18
Q

what is recidivism?

A
  • reoffending
  • the tendency of a convicted offender to repeatedly relapse into a previous condition or mode of behaviour
19
Q

what do recidivism rates in ex-prisoners tell us?

A

to what extent prison acts as an effective deterrent

20
Q

why might it be difficult to obtain clear figures for recidivism rates?

A
  • it depends whether you are looking at reoffending within a year of release or a longer period
  • rates reported are only for the offendes caught
  • typically in the UK the ministry of justice reports proven figures within one year of release
21
Q

what has the UK figure for recidivism been in recent years?

A

about 45% (yukhnenko et al.2019, based on MoJ figures)

22
Q

what factors do reoffending rates vary with? (4)

A
  • time period after release
  • age of offender
  • crime committed
  • country
23
Q

how do recidivism rates vary from country to country?

A
  • US, australia and denmark regularly record rates in excess of 60%
  • in norway, rates may be as low as 20% (yukhnenko et al.)
  • this is significant because in norway there is less emphasis on incarceration and greater emphasis on rehabilitation and skills development than elsewhere
24
Q

evaluation: negative psychological effect (bartol 1995)

A
  • suggested that, for many offenders, imprisonment can be ‘brutal, demeaning and generally devastating’
  • this supports the view that oppressive prison regimes may be detrimental to psychological health which could impact on rehabilitation
25
Q

evaluation: negative psychological effect (the guardian 2017)

A
  • according to the MoJ, 119 people killed themselves in prisons in england and wales in 2016
  • this is an increase of 29 (32%) on the previous year
  • this equates to an average suicide of one every 3 days, which is almost 9 times higher than in the general population
26
Q

evaluation: negative psychological effect (prison reform trust 2014)

A
  • conducted a study which found that 25% of women and 15% of men in prison reported symptoms of psychosis (eg. schizophrenia)
27
Q

evaluation: confounding variables that influence link between prison and its psychological effects

A
  • figures in prison reform trust do not include the number of inmates who were experiencing psychotic symptoms before they were incarcerated
  • many of those convicted may have pre-exisiting psychological and emotional difficulties at the time they were convicted, which may explain their offending behaviour in the first place
  • the importation model argues that prisoners may import some of their psychological problems, so we do not know if this is a problem with the prison regime or something else, such as the trauma of being locked away regardless of what prison is like
28
Q

evaluation: CS provides opportinuty for training and treatment

A
  • offenders may become better people during their time in prison, and their improved character means they may be able to lead a crime-free life when back in society
  • many offenders access education and training whilst in prison increasing the possibility they will find employment upon release
  • vera institute of justice (shirley 2019) claims that offenders who take park in college education programmes are 43% less likely to reoffend following release, and that prisons who offer these programmes report fewer incidents of violence
29
Q

evaluation: in prison, offenders may learn to become better offenders (latessa and lowenkamp 2006)

A
  • concluded that placing low-risk offenders (in terms of recividism) with high-risk offenders makes it more likely that low-risk offenders will reoffend
  • incarceration with long-term offenders may given younger inmates in particular the opportunities to learm tricks of the trade from more experienced prisoners
  • offenders may also acquire criminal contacts whilst in prison that they may follow up when they are released
  • this form of ‘education’ may undermine attempts to rehabilitate prisoners and consequently may make reoffending more likely
30
Q

evaluation: conflicting views on the purpose of prison (onepoll 2015)

A
  • survey found that 47% of respondents saw the primary purpose of prison as being to punish the offender for their wrongdoing
  • many saw current prison regimes as ‘too soft’ that would not deter existing or would-be offenders
  • 40% of respondents also held the view that prison’s main emphasis should be on reform and rehabilitation
  • overcrowdoing and lack of funding were seen as barriers to access to training and treatment in prison that could mean that offenders are effectively reintegrated back into society