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AHS2 > DB - neuroanatomy week 2 > Flashcards

DB - neuroanatomy week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryological origin of the basal nuclei?

A

Telencephalon

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2
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

A 
Control of voluntary movement
Procedural learning
Eye movement
Cognition
Emotion
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3
Q

Which structures are associated with the basal nuclei?

A

Putamen
Globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus
Substantia nigra

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4
Q

What structures are collectively known as the lentiform nucleus?

A

Globus pallidus and putamen

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5
Q

What structure separates the caudate nucleus from the lentiform nucleus?

A

Internal capsule

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6
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

Dopaminergic neurones in the basal nuclei. Plays an important role in reward and movement.

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7
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relays information to and from the cerebral cortex.
Processing of sensations.
Consciousness is controlled via the reticular formation

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8
Q

What does the thalamus receive input from?

A

Cerebellum, basal nuclei and limbic system

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9
Q

How are the 2 sides of the thalamus joined?

A

Interthalamic adhesion

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10
Q

Which ventricle runs down the midline of the thalamus?

A

3rd ventricle

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11
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Autonomic control via the reticular formation.
Controls appetite, thirst, temperature, electrolyte and water balance, sleep and behaviour.
Control pituitary gland.

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12
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Associated with emotion, memory, learning, personality and behaviour.

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13
Q

What structures are associated with the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala and piriform lobe, septal nuclei, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus and thalamus.

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14
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Important in spatial memories.

Gives rise to axons forming the fornix and is also connected to the mammillary bodies.

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15
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

Basis for emotional experiences and memory storage.

Circuit of the hippocampus, fornix and mammillary bodies.

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16
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Connects areas of the cerebral cortex on the same side.
Processes emotions and cognitive processes.
Associated with the thalamus for repetitive behaviours.

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17
Q

What fibres are in the cingulate gyrus?

A

Association fibres.

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18
Q

What fibres are in the corpus callosum?

A

Commissural fibres.

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19
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Allows for communication between the cerebral hemispheres.

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20
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Processes and remembers emotions (fear and punishment)

Associated with the olfactory nerve.

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21
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

Separates the lateral ventricles.

Runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum to the fornix.

22
Q

What is the function of the colliculi?

A

Visual and auditory function

23
Q

Where are the colliculi located and what is there collective name?

A

Located on the tectum of the midbrain. There are 2 rostral and 2 caudal colliculi.
Collectively, they are known as the corpora quadrigemina.

24
Q

What are the main structures associated with the tegmentum of the midbrain?

A

Crus cerebri
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus
Parasympathetic and motor nucleus of CNIII (oculomotor)
Motor nucleus of CNIV (trochlear)
Reticular formation - fibres extend through the tegmentum

25
Q

What is the location of the periaqueductal grey and what is its function?

A

Area that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct.

It is related to pain control by releasing opioid-like molecules from the neurones.

26
Q

What is contained within the crus cerebri?

A

Efferent motor tracts which supply the muscles.

27
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus?

A

Control of posture and movement.

It is the start of the rubrospinal tract.

28
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation in the midbrain?

A

Alerts the cerebral cortex to wakefulness (ARAS)

29
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation in the pons/medulla?

A

Regulates visceral functions and stimulates/inhibits motor activity of the body and limbs.
UMN control of CV and respiratory centres.
Swallowing and vomiting.
Part of the reticulospinal tracts.

30
Q

What structures are associated with the pons?

A

Contains the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve. Sensory portion runs through the brainstem and the motor portion runs through the mid-region of the pons.
Corticospinal tracts cause the bulge.

31
Q

What structures are associated with the medulla oblongata?

A

Nuclei of CNVI-XII
Reticular formation
Medullary pyramids, which contains corticospinal tracts.
Olivary nucleus

32
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

A

Pre-processes input to the cerebellum.

33
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pontine medullary junction?

A

CNVI-CNVIII

34
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

important for balance/posture
Fine motor control
modifies intended movement

35
Q

Is the function of the cerebellum ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

36
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebellum, and what is the function of each?

A

Rostral and caudal lobes - skilled movements.

Flocculonodular lobes - imbalance.

37
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

A

By peduncles (6 in total):

  • Rostral - connected to the midbrain and found medially.
  • Middle - connected to the pons and found laterally.
  • Caudal - connected to the medulla and found between the rostral and middle lobe.
38
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the basal nuclei?

A

Dyskinesia - rapid jerking or slow muscle spasms.
Increased muscle tone
Parkinson’s is associated with the degeneration of the substantia nigra.

39
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the hypothalamus?

A

Behavioural changes and autonomic dysfunction, which is displayed as alimentary disorders.

40
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the diencephalon?

A 
Abnormal behaviour 
Total body hyperalgesia
Slow postural reactions 
Depression -> Coma (ARAS)
Blindness
Alterations in thirst and thermoregulation
41
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the ARAS?

A

Depression -> coma : therefore affecting mental status

42
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the red nucleus and substantia nigra?

A

Ataxia

Stiffness with reduced voluntary control of muscles.

43
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the crus cerebri?

A

Hyperalgesia - increased sensitivity to pain

44
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the general somatic efferent of CNIII and CNIV?

A

Deviation of the eye

45
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the general visceral efferent of CNIII?

A

Dilation of the pupil

46
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the cerebellum?

A 
Ataxia
Wide based stance
Tremor
Loss of balance 
Overshooting of limbs - hypermetria
47
Q

What is cerebellar abiotrophy?

A

genetic mutation causing the loss of purkinje fibres.

48
Q

Which structures in the brain are required for the proper function of mental status?

A

Cerebral cortex
Relay to the thalamus
ARAS
Sensors for proprioception, exteroception and interoception.

49
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion of the ARAS?

A

Lesions of the brain stem in this region could lead to a coma.

50
Q

What is the definition of a reflex?

A

Unconscious reaction to a stimuli

51
Q

What is the definition of a response?

A

Conscious reaction to a stimuli

AHS2 (12 decks)

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