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AHS2 > Anatomy of the eye > Flashcards

Anatomy of the eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the eye position of predators?

A

Eyes are set forward and have large binocular vision.

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2
Q

What is the eye position of prey?

A

Eyes are set laterally and large field of monocular vision.

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3
Q

What is the anterior pole of the eyeball?

A

Highest point on the cornea

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4
Q

What is the posterior pole of the eyeball?

A

Highest point on the posterior surface

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5
Q

What is the optic axis?

A

Straight line passing through the anterior and posterior poles.

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6
Q

What is the equator?

A

Equal distance between the poles.

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7
Q

What is the meridian?

A

Line passing from pole to pole

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8
Q

What is the limbus?

A

Junction between the cornea and the sclera

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9
Q

What is a descemetocele?

A

Deep corneal ulcer in which most/all of the corneal stroma is absent

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10
Q

What is the function and structures of the external fibrous tunic?

A

Provides form and offers protection.
Cornea
Sclera
Limbus

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11
Q

What is the structure of the sclera?

A

Dense collagen with blood vessels

Cribiform area is where the optic nerve passes

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12
Q

What is the function and structures of the middle vascular tunic (uvea)?

A

Pigmented and found immediately inside of the sclera.
Provides nutrients to the eyeball.
Regulates size of the pupil and shape of the lens.
Choroid.
Ciliary body.
Iris.

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13
Q

What is the location of the choroid?

A

Lines the sclera from the optic nerve

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14
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

Thick area opposite to the limbus.

Allows for accomodation of the lens in primates

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15
Q

What are the blood vessels associated with the sclera?

A

Anterior ciliary arteries
Long posterior ciliary arteries
Short posterior ciliary arteries.

Vorticose veins emerge near the sclera

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16
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Forms a light reflected layer in the dorsal fundus.

Loss of visual acuity when light hits the retina a second time, as the images are superimposed.

17
Q

Where does the aqueous humour leave the eye?

A

Pectinate ligament.

Drains into scleral venous sinus.

18
Q

How does the angle of filtration of the aqueous humour affect the eye?

A

This is provided by the pectinate ligament.
Iridocorneal angle.
Wide = increased intraocular pressure.

19
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the middle vascular tunic (uvea)?

A

Cranial cervical stellate ganglion.
Follows ophthalmic nerves to the orbit.
Innervates dilator of the pupil

20
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the middle vascular tunic (uvea)?

A

Pre-synaptic fibres run to orbit in oculomotor nerve.

Post-synaptic fibres innervate ciliary muscle and constrictor of the pupil.

21
Q

What is the function of iridic granules? What type of animals are they found in?

A

Reduces glare and eye strain in bright light.

Found in ungulates.

22
Q

What is the function of the outer pigmented layer (pars ceca retina)?

A

Makes the posterior eye dark.
Absorbs reflected light.
Prevents blurred vision.
Not photsensitive.

23
Q

Where can the pars ceca retina be found?

A

From the optic nerve to the pupillary margin

24
Q

Where can the pars ceca optica be found?

A

Optic nerve to the ora serrata

25
Q

What is the structure of the lens?

A

Outer capsule under constant tension by zonular fibres.
Hard nucleus composed of many fibres.
Zonular fibres attach the lens to ciliary bodies.

26
Q

Where is the site of cataracts in the lens?

A

Y-shaped suture

27
Q

What is the location of the optic disc?

A

Point at which nerve fibres converge to form the optic nerve.

28
Q

What is the macula?

A

Area of maximum optimal resolution. Found dorsolateral to the optic disc.
Light focussed here leads to greater visual acuity.

29
Q

What is the cause of diabetic cataracts?

A

High blood glucose concentration leads to a high intralenticular sorbitol level.
This increases osmotic forces within the eye, so water is drawn in.
Eventually this causes swelling of the fibres and cell death.

30
Q

What is the hyaloid canal?

A

Found in the vitreous body, which is posterior to the lens.
Runs from the back of the lens to the optic disc.
Contains the hyaloid artery and primary vitreous in the embryo.

31
Q

Where can the aqueous humour be found in the eye?

A

Between the cornea and iris.

Between the iris and the lens.

32
Q

What is enucleation?

A

Removal of the globe and it’s contents.
Including the 3rd eyelid and conjunctival sac.
Orbit and ocular muscles are left intact.
Implant inserted into the socket.

33
Q

What is evisceration?

A

Removal of the iris, cornea and contents

Leaves the sclera intact.

34
Q

What is exenteration?

A

Removes adnexal structures including the eyelids, muscles and fat.

35
Q

What is epiphora?

A

Overflow of tears running down the face, which can cause irritation, which can irritate the skin and predispose to infection.
Often caused by blocked nasolacrimal ducts.

AHS2 (12 decks)

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