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National Boards Part 1 > Day Three > Flashcards

Day Three Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the filiform papillae located?

A

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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2
Q

Where are the fungiform papillae located?

A

Tip and sides of the tongue

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3
Q

Where are the foliate papillae located?

A

Lateral margins of the tongue

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4
Q

Where are each of the four flavors tasted at on the tongue?

A

Sweet - tip, sour - along the sides, bitter - back, salty - tip and sides

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5
Q

What type of muscle cell is least likely to have two or more nuclei?

A

Smooth muscle cells

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6
Q

What cell is responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration?

A

Satellite cells

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7
Q

Which muscle cell has the most mitochondria and myofibrils?

A

Cardiac

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8
Q

Which type of muscle cell can mitotically divide?

A

Smooth muscle

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9
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachii?

A

Origin: Scapula and humerus, Insertion: Ulna, olecranon process

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10
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the brachialis?

A

Origin: Humerus, Insertion: Ulna, coronoid process

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11
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachioradialis?

A

Origin: Humerus, Insertion: Radius, styloid process

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12
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the triceps biceps brachii?

A

Origin: Scapula, Insertion: Radius, tuberosity

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13
Q

What nerve innervates the triceps and brachioradialis?

A

Radial nerve

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14
Q

What nerve innervates the brachialis and biceps?

A

Musculocutaneous

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15
Q

What nerve is most frequently injured from mid-shaft humeral fractures?

A

Radial nerve

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16
Q

What muscle flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm?

A

Pectoralis major

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17
Q

What muscle depresses the scapula?

A

Pectoralis minor

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18
Q

What two muscles extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm?

A

Latissimus dorsi and Teres major

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19
Q

What muscle adducts the arm, posterior fibers extend and inferior fibers flex?

A

Deltoid

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20
Q

What muscle rotates the arm laterally?

A

Teres minor

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21
Q

What nerves innervate the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves from brachial plexus

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22
Q

What nerve innervates the Pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Medial pectoral nerve

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23
Q

What nerve innervates the Latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve from brachial plexus

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24
Q

What nerve innervates the Deltoid muscle?

A

Axillary nerve (C5 and C6)

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25
Q

What nerve innervates the Teres major muscle?

A

Lower subscapular nerve from brachial plexus

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26
Q

What nerve innervates the Teres minor muscle?

A

Branch of axillary nerve

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27
Q

What muscle makes up the anterior fold of the axilla?

A

Pectoralis major

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28
Q

What two muscles make up the posterior fold of the axilla?

A

Latissimus dorsi and teres major

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29
Q

What mode of action do the bicep femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus have?

A

All flex the leg and extend the thigh

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30
Q

What nerve innervates the hamstrings?

A

Tibial nerve (except short head of biceps femoris - that one is innervated by the common fibular nerve)

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31
Q

What is the mode of action of the Sartorius?

A

Flexes leg and thigh, abducts thigh

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32
Q

What nerve innervates the Sartorius?

A

Femoral nerve

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33
Q

What is the mode of action of the tensor fasciae latae?

A

Flexes and abducts thigh

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34
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor fasciae latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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35
Q

What is the mode of action of the rectus femoris?

A

Flexes thigh and extends leg at knee

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36
Q

What is the mode of action of the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis?

A

All extend leg at knee

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37
Q

What nerve innervates the Quadriceps femoris group?

A

Femoral nerve

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38
Q

What innervates the trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

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39
Q

What is the mode of action for the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor?

A

Pull the scapula forward and downward

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40
Q

What is the mode of action of the subclavius?

A

Draws clavicle downward

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41
Q

What is the mode of action of the trapezius?

A

Elevates, adducts, and draws scapula downward

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42
Q

What is the mode of action of the levator scapulae?

A

Elevates and draws scapula medially

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43
Q

What is the mode of action of the rhomboid major and minor?

A

Elevate and retract the scapula

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44
Q

What nerve innervates the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

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45
Q

What nerve innervates the subclavius?

A

Subclavius nerve (C5, C6)

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46
Q

What nerve innervates the levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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47
Q

What space are the stomach, small intestine (jejunum and ileum), transverse colon, liver and gallbladder in?

A

Intraperitoneal

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48
Q

What space are the aorta, inferior vena cava, kidneys, and suprarenal glands?

A

Retroperitoneal

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49
Q

What space are the pancreas, duodenum, rectum, ascending and descending colons in?

A

Secondary retroperitoneal

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50
Q

What structures are portions of the peritoneum that suspend the gut and its derivatives and provide a path for blood vessels and nerves to viscera?

A

Mesenteries

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51
Q

What innervates the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Accessory nerve and C2, C3

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52
Q

What innervates the geniohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles?

A

C1 via the hypoglossal nerve

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53
Q

What innervates the anterior belly of the digastric and the mylohyoid?

A

V-3

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54
Q

What innervates all the circular muscles of the pharynx?

A

Vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus

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55
Q

What muscle protracts, retracts and depresses the tongue?

A

Genioglossus

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56
Q

What muscle elevates and retracts the tongue?

A

Styloglossus

57
Q

What muscle depresses the tongue and draws its sides downward?

A

Hyoglossus

58
Q

What muscle pulls root of tongue upward and backward?

A

Palatoglossus

59
Q

What nerve innervates the genioglossus, styloglossus and hyoglossus?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

60
Q

What nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

A

Pharyngeal plexus

61
Q

What innervates the stylopharyngeus?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve

62
Q

Glands possess specialized, star-shaped cells known as:

A

Myoepithelial cells

63
Q

How many bronchial segments do the right and left lungs have respectively?

A

Left; 8, Right; 10

64
Q

At what point does the trachea divide into left and right branches?

A

Plane of the sternal angle

65
Q

What specialized cell of the small bronchioles secrete a surface-active lipoprotein?

A

Clara cells

66
Q

What type of cell produce surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes

67
Q

What nerve conveys the ‘tickling’ sensation felt before a sneeze?

A

V-2

68
Q

Which sinus joins the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen?

A

Sigmoid sinus

69
Q

Where does the external jugular vein empty?

A

Subclavian vein

70
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein empty?

A

brachiocephalic vein

71
Q

What does the pterygoid plexus of veins surround?

A

The maxillary artery

72
Q

What do the emissary veins do?

A

Connect the dural venous sinuses with the veins of the scalp and meningeal veins

73
Q

What do veins in the head typically lack?

A

Valves

74
Q

Where do the superior ophthalmic vein, inferior ophthalmic vein, cerebral veins and sphenoparietal sinus drain?

A

Into the cavernous sinus

75
Q

What two structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

A

The internal carotid artery and the abducens nerve

76
Q

What four nerves are embedded in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinuses?

A
  1. Ophthalmic nerves, 2. Oculomotor nerves, 3. Maxillary nerves and 4. Trochlear nerves
77
Q

What is the subclavian vein a continuation of?

A

Axillary vein

78
Q

What is the order of the layers of skin?

A

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum and Corneum

79
Q

In which layer of skin are melanocytes located?

A

Basale

80
Q

In which layer of skin are Langerhans’ cells located?

A

Spinosum

81
Q

What layer of skin is not always present?

A

Lucidum

82
Q

Which layer of dermis is thick and fibrous?

A

Reticular layer

83
Q

What type of cell lines the cardiovascular system, the alveoli of the lungs, and the mesothelium of the body cavity?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

84
Q

What type of cell lines collecting ducts, tubules of the kidney, and the thyroid follicles?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

85
Q

What type of cell lines the small and large intestines, the gall bladder, the stomach, the uterus, the salivary glands and the majority of the tubular GI tract?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

86
Q

What type of cell lines the epidermis of the skin, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx, anus, vagain, and the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

87
Q

What type of cell lines the ducts of the sweat glands?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

88
Q

What type of cell lines the large ducts of the salivary glands and the male urethra?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

89
Q

What type of cell lines the upper respiratory tract and ureter?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

90
Q

What type of cell lines the bladder and parts of the male reproductive tract?

A

Transitional epithelium

91
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary sites of ossification?

A

Primary occur before birth, secondary after birth

92
Q

What proteins act as molecular sponges for water in cartilage?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

93
Q

What ties muscles to bones?

A

Tendons

94
Q

What ties bones to bones?

A

Ligaments

95
Q

What are attaching fibers called?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

96
Q

What type of tissue makes up capsules of organs?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

97
Q

What fuses to form the primary palate?

A

The two medial nasal processes

98
Q

What is the tuberculum impar?

A

The developing tongue in an embryo

99
Q

What is the name of the cartilage from the second branchial arch?

A

Reichert’s cartilage

100
Q

What two structures join to form Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath?

A

Inner and outer enamel epithelium

101
Q

What valve of the heart is best heard over the left fifth intercostal space medial to the nipple line?

A

Mitral valve

102
Q

What valve of the heart is best heard over the right half of the lower end of the body of the sternum?

A

Tricuspid valve

103
Q

What valve of the heart is best heard over the second left intercostal space?

A

Pulmonary

104
Q

What valve of the heart is best heard over the right second intercostal space?

A

Aortic

105
Q

Which vein empties directly into the right atrium of the heart?

A

Anterior cardiac

106
Q

What vein continues into the coronary sinus?

A

Great cardiac vein

107
Q

Where are the pectinate muscles found?

A

In the inner surface of the right atrium

108
Q

What connects cardiac muscles together?

A

Intercalated discs

109
Q

At the level of the sixth intercostal space, what two arteries does the internal thoracic artery divide into?

A

Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries

110
Q

At what level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

T12

111
Q

At what level does the aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

112
Q

Which artery divides the maxillary artery into three portions?

A

Lateral pterygoid muscle

113
Q

What are the three branches of the maxillary artery?

A
  1. Inferior alveolar artery, 2. Middle meningeal artery and 3. Pterygopalatine trunk
114
Q

What is abnormal about the lingual nerve and lingual artery?

A

They don’t run together their whole course

115
Q

What is the most prominent feature of large arteries in the tunica media?

A

Elastic

116
Q

What is the most porminent feature of small arteries in the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle

117
Q

What are the vessels called that bring blood to the artery walls?

A

Vasa vasorum

118
Q

Where do the lenticulostriate arteries branch off?

A

From the middle cerebral artery

119
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands found?

A

Duodenum

120
Q

How does the muscle in the esophagus transition?

A

Skeletal only top third, mixed in middle third and smooth muscle only in bottom third

121
Q

What cell releases acid in the stomach?

A

Parietal

122
Q

What cell releases pepsinogen in the stomach?

A

Zymogenic (chief)

123
Q

What type of cells produce gastrin?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

124
Q

What supplies parasympathetic innervation to the ascending and transverse colon?

A

Vagus nerve

125
Q

What supplies parasympathetic innervation to the descending colon, the sigmoid colon and the rectum?

A

Pelvic splancnic nerves

126
Q

What is the dentin equivalent to the striae of Retzius?

A

Incremental lines of Von Ebner

127
Q

What other term is used to describe the primary enamel cuticle?

A

The Nasmyth’s membrane

128
Q

What is the main component of the periodontal ligament?

A

Principle fibers

129
Q

The majority of fibers of the PDL run which way?

A

Oblique

130
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

5-9 days

131
Q

What is the rarest WBC?

A

Basophil

132
Q

What does the middle meatus of the nasal cavity drain into?

A

The ethmoidal bulla

133
Q

What foramen allows the V-2 nerve to exit the skull?

A

Foramen rotundum

134
Q

What foramen allows the V-3 nerve to exit the skull?

A

Foramen Ovale

135
Q

What foramen allows the middle meningeal vessels to exit the skull?

A

Foramen Spinosum

136
Q

What bone of the skull is associated with the optic nerve?

A

Lesser wings of the sphenoid

137
Q

What is the name of the developing salivary gland?

A

Adenomere

138
Q

What is the name of the duct that carries saliva from the parotid to the mouth?

A

Stenson’s duct

139
Q

What part of the pituitary gland develops from the Rathke’s pouch?

A

Adenohypophysis

National Boards Part 1 (5 decks)

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