Day Three Flashcards
Where are the filiform papillae located?
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Where are the fungiform papillae located?
Tip and sides of the tongue
Where are the foliate papillae located?
Lateral margins of the tongue
Where are each of the four flavors tasted at on the tongue?
Sweet - tip, sour - along the sides, bitter - back, salty - tip and sides
What type of muscle cell is least likely to have two or more nuclei?
Smooth muscle cells
What cell is responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration?
Satellite cells
Which muscle cell has the most mitochondria and myofibrils?
Cardiac
Which type of muscle cell can mitotically divide?
Smooth muscle
Where is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachii?
Origin: Scapula and humerus, Insertion: Ulna, olecranon process
Where is the origin and insertion of the brachialis?
Origin: Humerus, Insertion: Ulna, coronoid process
Where is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachioradialis?
Origin: Humerus, Insertion: Radius, styloid process
Where is the origin and insertion of the triceps biceps brachii?
Origin: Scapula, Insertion: Radius, tuberosity
What nerve innervates the triceps and brachioradialis?
Radial nerve
What nerve innervates the brachialis and biceps?
Musculocutaneous
What nerve is most frequently injured from mid-shaft humeral fractures?
Radial nerve
What muscle flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm?
Pectoralis major
What muscle depresses the scapula?
Pectoralis minor
What two muscles extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm?
Latissimus dorsi and Teres major
What muscle adducts the arm, posterior fibers extend and inferior fibers flex?
Deltoid
What muscle rotates the arm laterally?
Teres minor
What nerves innervate the pectoralis major muscle?
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves from brachial plexus
What nerve innervates the Pectoralis minor muscle?
Medial pectoral nerve
What nerve innervates the Latissimus dorsi muscle?
Thoracodorsal nerve from brachial plexus
What nerve innervates the Deltoid muscle?
Axillary nerve (C5 and C6)
What nerve innervates the Teres major muscle?
Lower subscapular nerve from brachial plexus
What nerve innervates the Teres minor muscle?
Branch of axillary nerve
What muscle makes up the anterior fold of the axilla?
Pectoralis major
What two muscles make up the posterior fold of the axilla?
Latissimus dorsi and teres major
What mode of action do the bicep femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus have?
All flex the leg and extend the thigh
What nerve innervates the hamstrings?
Tibial nerve (except short head of biceps femoris - that one is innervated by the common fibular nerve)
What is the mode of action of the Sartorius?
Flexes leg and thigh, abducts thigh
What nerve innervates the Sartorius?
Femoral nerve
What is the mode of action of the tensor fasciae latae?
Flexes and abducts thigh
What nerve innervates the tensor fasciae latae?
Superior gluteal nerve
What is the mode of action of the rectus femoris?
Flexes thigh and extends leg at knee
What is the mode of action of the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis?
All extend leg at knee
What nerve innervates the Quadriceps femoris group?
Femoral nerve
What innervates the trapezius?
Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
What is the mode of action for the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor?
Pull the scapula forward and downward
What is the mode of action of the subclavius?
Draws clavicle downward
What is the mode of action of the trapezius?
Elevates, adducts, and draws scapula downward
What is the mode of action of the levator scapulae?
Elevates and draws scapula medially
What is the mode of action of the rhomboid major and minor?
Elevate and retract the scapula
What nerve innervates the serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve
What nerve innervates the subclavius?
Subclavius nerve (C5, C6)
What nerve innervates the levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor?
Dorsal scapular nerve
What space are the stomach, small intestine (jejunum and ileum), transverse colon, liver and gallbladder in?
Intraperitoneal
What space are the aorta, inferior vena cava, kidneys, and suprarenal glands?
Retroperitoneal
What space are the pancreas, duodenum, rectum, ascending and descending colons in?
Secondary retroperitoneal
What structures are portions of the peritoneum that suspend the gut and its derivatives and provide a path for blood vessels and nerves to viscera?
Mesenteries
What innervates the sternocleidomastoid?
Accessory nerve and C2, C3
What innervates the geniohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles?
C1 via the hypoglossal nerve
What innervates the anterior belly of the digastric and the mylohyoid?
V-3
What innervates all the circular muscles of the pharynx?
Vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus
What muscle protracts, retracts and depresses the tongue?
Genioglossus
What muscle elevates and retracts the tongue?
Styloglossus
What muscle depresses the tongue and draws its sides downward?
Hyoglossus
What muscle pulls root of tongue upward and backward?
Palatoglossus
What nerve innervates the genioglossus, styloglossus and hyoglossus?
Hypoglossal nerve
What nerve innervates the palatoglossus?
Pharyngeal plexus
What innervates the stylopharyngeus?
The glossopharyngeal nerve
Glands possess specialized, star-shaped cells known as:
Myoepithelial cells
How many bronchial segments do the right and left lungs have respectively?
Left; 8, Right; 10
At what point does the trachea divide into left and right branches?
Plane of the sternal angle
What specialized cell of the small bronchioles secrete a surface-active lipoprotein?
Clara cells
What type of cell produce surfactant?
Type II pneumocytes
What nerve conveys the ‘tickling’ sensation felt before a sneeze?
V-2
Which sinus joins the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen?
Sigmoid sinus
Where does the external jugular vein empty?
Subclavian vein
Where does the internal jugular vein empty?
brachiocephalic vein
What does the pterygoid plexus of veins surround?
The maxillary artery
What do the emissary veins do?
Connect the dural venous sinuses with the veins of the scalp and meningeal veins
What do veins in the head typically lack?
Valves
Where do the superior ophthalmic vein, inferior ophthalmic vein, cerebral veins and sphenoparietal sinus drain?
Into the cavernous sinus
What two structures pass through the cavernous sinus?
The internal carotid artery and the abducens nerve
What four nerves are embedded in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinuses?
- Ophthalmic nerves, 2. Oculomotor nerves, 3. Maxillary nerves and 4. Trochlear nerves
What is the subclavian vein a continuation of?
Axillary vein
What is the order of the layers of skin?
Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum and Corneum
In which layer of skin are melanocytes located?
Basale
In which layer of skin are Langerhans’ cells located?
Spinosum
What layer of skin is not always present?
Lucidum
Which layer of dermis is thick and fibrous?
Reticular layer
What type of cell lines the cardiovascular system, the alveoli of the lungs, and the mesothelium of the body cavity?
Simple squamous epithelium
What type of cell lines collecting ducts, tubules of the kidney, and the thyroid follicles?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
What type of cell lines the small and large intestines, the gall bladder, the stomach, the uterus, the salivary glands and the majority of the tubular GI tract?
Simple columnar epithelium
What type of cell lines the epidermis of the skin, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx, anus, vagain, and the esophagus?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What type of cell lines the ducts of the sweat glands?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
What type of cell lines the large ducts of the salivary glands and the male urethra?
Stratified columnar epithelium
What type of cell lines the upper respiratory tract and ureter?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What type of cell lines the bladder and parts of the male reproductive tract?
Transitional epithelium
What is the difference between primary and secondary sites of ossification?
Primary occur before birth, secondary after birth
What proteins act as molecular sponges for water in cartilage?
Glycosaminoglycans
What ties muscles to bones?
Tendons
What ties bones to bones?
Ligaments
What are attaching fibers called?
Sharpey’s fibers
What type of tissue makes up capsules of organs?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What fuses to form the primary palate?
The two medial nasal processes
What is the tuberculum impar?
The developing tongue in an embryo
What is the name of the cartilage from the second branchial arch?
Reichert’s cartilage
What two structures join to form Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath?
Inner and outer enamel epithelium
What valve of the heart is best heard over the left fifth intercostal space medial to the nipple line?
Mitral valve
What valve of the heart is best heard over the right half of the lower end of the body of the sternum?
Tricuspid valve
What valve of the heart is best heard over the second left intercostal space?
Pulmonary
What valve of the heart is best heard over the right second intercostal space?
Aortic
Which vein empties directly into the right atrium of the heart?
Anterior cardiac
What vein continues into the coronary sinus?
Great cardiac vein
Where are the pectinate muscles found?
In the inner surface of the right atrium
What connects cardiac muscles together?
Intercalated discs
At the level of the sixth intercostal space, what two arteries does the internal thoracic artery divide into?
Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries
At what level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?
T12
At what level does the aorta bifurcate?
L4
Which artery divides the maxillary artery into three portions?
Lateral pterygoid muscle
What are the three branches of the maxillary artery?
- Inferior alveolar artery, 2. Middle meningeal artery and 3. Pterygopalatine trunk
What is abnormal about the lingual nerve and lingual artery?
They don’t run together their whole course
What is the most prominent feature of large arteries in the tunica media?
Elastic
What is the most porminent feature of small arteries in the tunica media?
Smooth muscle
What are the vessels called that bring blood to the artery walls?
Vasa vasorum
Where do the lenticulostriate arteries branch off?
From the middle cerebral artery
Where are Brunner’s glands found?
Duodenum
How does the muscle in the esophagus transition?
Skeletal only top third, mixed in middle third and smooth muscle only in bottom third
What cell releases acid in the stomach?
Parietal
What cell releases pepsinogen in the stomach?
Zymogenic (chief)
What type of cells produce gastrin?
Enteroendocrine cells
What supplies parasympathetic innervation to the ascending and transverse colon?
Vagus nerve
What supplies parasympathetic innervation to the descending colon, the sigmoid colon and the rectum?
Pelvic splancnic nerves
What is the dentin equivalent to the striae of Retzius?
Incremental lines of Von Ebner
What other term is used to describe the primary enamel cuticle?
The Nasmyth’s membrane
What is the main component of the periodontal ligament?
Principle fibers
The majority of fibers of the PDL run which way?
Oblique
What is the lifespan of a platelet?
5-9 days
What is the rarest WBC?
Basophil
What does the middle meatus of the nasal cavity drain into?
The ethmoidal bulla
What foramen allows the V-2 nerve to exit the skull?
Foramen rotundum
What foramen allows the V-3 nerve to exit the skull?
Foramen Ovale
What foramen allows the middle meningeal vessels to exit the skull?
Foramen Spinosum
What bone of the skull is associated with the optic nerve?
Lesser wings of the sphenoid
What is the name of the developing salivary gland?
Adenomere
What is the name of the duct that carries saliva from the parotid to the mouth?
Stenson’s duct
What part of the pituitary gland develops from the Rathke’s pouch?
Adenohypophysis
