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* DIT each session > Day 4.3 Micro > Flashcards

Day 4.3 Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Know how to label brain stem/nerves p411

A

.

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2
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

secretes melatonin (lack of light –> SCN –> pineal –>melatonin) to regulate circadian rhythm

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3
Q

Superior and inferior colliculi

A

Superior - conjugate vertical gaze center
Inferior - hearing
eyes above ears

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4
Q

Parinaud syndrome

A

paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze d/t lesion in superior colliculi (e.g. pinealoma)

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5
Q

Pituitary adenoma effect on vision

A

Can compress optic chiasm and cause bitemporal hemianopsia (loss of vision in half of each eye, on the outside of each eye (can still see through inner half of each)

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6
Q

What kind of cells have horseshoe pattern of nuclei?

A

Giant cells

e.g. Langerhans giant cell of Mycobacterium TB

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7
Q

What are “red snappers” histologically?

A

Mycobacterium TB organisms stain red with acid-fast staining.

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8
Q

Ghon focus vs Ghon complex

A

Ghon focus - calcified scar (usu lower lobes)

Ghon complex - focus + hilar lymphadenopathy or calcification.

These are both from primary TB. They are NOT caseating. Caseating stuff is secondary TB (reactivation, reinfection)

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9
Q

Mycobacterium kansasii esp affects which pts

A

Causes pulmonary TB-like sympt, esp in chronic bronchitis or emphysema pts (COPD pts)

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10
Q

Dx’g TB

A

Culture on Lowenstein-Jensen agar, but takes 2-4 wks bc v slow-growing.
In the meantime, take early morning sputum 3 days in a row and acid-fast stain it.

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11
Q

Mycobacterium scrolfaceum

A

Causes cervical lymphadenitis in kids

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12
Q

Mycobacterium marinum

A

Aquatic-assocd- in boaters, shipyard workers, aquarium owners
Usu superficial skin lesion, but can cause osteomyelitis, arthritis.

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13
Q

Why do pts with leprosy injure their hands and feet?

A

Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen’s dz) infects the superficial nerves- so pt loses sensation. Loss of sensation means injury is common (w/o realizing it)

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14
Q

Which kind of leprosy is communicable (contagious)?

A

Leprotamous. Presents diffusely over skin.

vs Tuberculoid, which is limited to nodules

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15
Q

What pts get toxicity to dapsone (leprosy drug)

A

Causes hemolysis esp in G6PD-deficient pts, bc they are sensitive to oxidizing drugs.
Can use rifampin + clofazimine + dapsone instead.

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16
Q

Dapsone is used to treat…

A

Leprosy (M. leprae)

PCP pneumonia

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17
Q

Water contaminated w animal urine

A

Leptospira

Hanta virus - assoc w rat/mouse urine

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18
Q

What is a unique feature of leptospira px?

A

Jaundice.

Otherwise causes flulike sympt like everything else. Not many infections cause jaundice.

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19
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Increased BUN and increased creatinine, indicating kidney dysfn. Seen in Weil’s dz (ictohemorrhagic leptospirosis)

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20
Q

What is tree-barking of the aorta?

A

Aortitis- severe inflammation/disfigurement of the aorta, due to destruction of vaso vasorum (sml arteries supplying aorta)
seen in tertiary (3) syphilis

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21
Q

Diseases w rash on palms and soles

A

Secondary(2) syphilis
Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever
Cocksackie A virus

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22
Q

Stg 2 Lyme dz sympt

A

Neurologic- Bell’s palsy (can be bilateral or unilateral). Meningitis, peripheral neuropathy, ridiculopathy (referred pain).
Cardiac- AV nodal block, myopericarditis

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23
Q

What are keloids?

A

Scar w excess collagen

Seen in Yaws (Treponema pertenue)

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24
Q

Yaws

A

caused by Treponema pertenue
infection of skin, bone, joint –> healing w keloids –> severe limb deformities and facial deformities, esp destruction of nasal bones and cartilage.
VDRL+ (but not an STD)

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25
Q

Tabes dorsalis

A

Degeneration of dorsal columns and dorsal roots d/t (3)Tertiary syphilis. These carry sensation and esp proprioception.
Get broad-based ataxia- wide gait bc can’t tell where legs are
+romberg sign

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26
Q

What does “pupil constricts w accommodation” mean?

A

Take finger and bring it to nose- pupil will constrict as eyes watch finger. (Accommodation is watching something get closer)
Seen in argyll-robertson pupil (3 syphilis)

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27
Q

Romberg test

A

Stand w feet together, arms out, eyes closed.
To know where you are in space, you have 3 things:
1. vision
2. proprioception
3. vestibular apparatus
You need at least 2 of these to not fall down.
Romberg takes away vision, so if you are missing one of the other ones (either proprioception or your vestibular apparatus) you will fall.
Tabes dorsalis of syphilis - no proprioception bc dorsal columns have degenerated, so you fall.
(Arms out is just to know which direction pt will fall in)

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28
Q

Cause of Charcot’s joints

A

Previously: tertiary syphilis. now, don’t have so much tertiary, so the cause is diabetic neuropathy

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29
Q

Saber shins

A

anterior bowing of tibia

seen in late congenital syphilis

30
Q

Hutchison’s teeth

A

Notching of upper incisors

seen in late congenital syphilis

31
Q

Saddle nose

A

flatend bridge of nose

seen in late congenital syphilis

32
Q

Snuffles

A

blood tinged nasal secretions

seen in infants w EARLY congenital syphilis- good warning sign

33
Q

Test for syphilis

A

Screen: VRDL
Confirm: FTA-ABS (more specific for treponemes)

34
Q

If if pt is allergic to penicillin G, how to treat for syphilis?

A

doxycycline

35
Q

Rx for bacterial vaginosis

A

Metronidazole (cream, gel, or oral)

36
Q

Peeling of palms and soles

A

Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever (rickettsia)
Acrodynia (mercury poisoning)
Kawasaki

37
Q

Which Rickettsial organism does not have a positive Weil-Felix?

A 
Coxiella burnetti (Q fever)
So when it's mixed w Proteus Ag, antirickettsial Ab do NOT cross-react and agglutinate.
38
Q

What is Q fever?

A

Fever + interstitial pneumonia, caused by Coxiella burnetti (a Rickettsial organism)

39
Q

What is the treatment for all Rickettsial dz?

A

Doxycycline

not tetra- that was a FA typo

40
Q

What causes atypical pneumonia?

aka interstitial pneumonia, walking pneumonia

A

Legionella pneumophillia
Chlamydia pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumonia (most common)

Also, viruses (RSV, adenovirus)

41
Q

What types of Chlamydia look like gonorrhea?

A 
Types D-K
Urethritis/PID
Ectopic prego (d/t fallopean tube scarring)
Neonatal pneumonia
Neonatal conjunctivits
42
Q

Chlamydia types L1, L2, L3

A

Cause lymphogranuloma venereum (acute lymphadenitis)
Cause primary ulcers (ulcerative dz)
Can cause inguinal lymphadenitis for 2-6 weeks.
Can also cause rectal dz which is often mistaken for IBD (ulcerative colitis, crohns)

43
Q

Prevention of chlamydia through vertical transmission

A

Erythromycin eye drops for all newborns in case of subacute/subclincial chlamydia or gonorrhea

44
Q

Where do frequent outbreaks of Mycoplasma pneumonia occur?

A

Anywhere ppl <30yo are in groups

soldiers, prison, camp, bus, dorm

45
Q

Rx for mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Tetracycline or erythromycin

Azithromycin (Z-pack)

46
Q

How is Coxiella burnetti transmitted?

A

Aerosol (only rickettsial org that can survive outside body- due to spores)

47
Q

Rickettsial triad of symptoms

A

Headache
Fever
Rash (vasculitis)

48
Q

Alcoholic vom’d and now has foul-smelling sputum. What caused it?

A

Aspiration pneumonia is from: Klebsiella pneumonia or anaerobic pneumonia (Rickettsial, Chlamyidia, Legionnaire)

49
Q

Rx for Mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Macrolides (erythromycin)

Tetracyclines

50
Q

Rx for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A

Doxycycline

51
Q

Prophylaxis for Mycobacterium TB

A

Isoniazid

52
Q

Rx for M. TB

A 
RIPE:
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
\+Pyrrizodine to prevent isonizid toxicity
\+Streptomycin
(Cyclosterine is 2nd line therapy)
53
Q

Side effects of Ethambutol

A

Ethambutol = Eyes
Optic neuropathy (red-green color blindness)
Can also have decreased visual acuity as well.
These are reversible.

54
Q

When are HIV+ pts given azithromycin, and why?

A

CD4 <100

To prevent M. avium-intracellulare (complex)

55
Q

Which TB drug causes drug-induced SLE?

A

Isoniazid

Drug-induced SLE = anti-histone Ab

56
Q

Which TB drug is used to treat leprosy?

A

Rifampin

+dapsone +clofazimine

57
Q

Rifampin enhances the metabolism of which drugs?

A

Rifampin increases microsomal P-450,
so drugs like birth control or warfarin
May need to increase dosage since they will be metabolized faster.

58
Q

Mech of action of Pyrazinimide

A

effect in the acidic pH of phagolysosomes, where TB is engulfed by phagocytes

59
Q

Mech of action of Ethambutol

A

works against polymerization of the mycobacterium cell wall by blocking arabinosyl transferase

60
Q

When is Rifampin used as prophylaxis?

A

For meningiococcal meningitis, H. influenza B meningitis

used in close contacts

61
Q

Rx for Hx of recurrent UTIs

A 
all of these can be used long-term:
TMP-SMX
nitrofurantoin
amoxicillin
ceflexin
62
Q

What drug do you give HIV+ pts when CD4 is <100?

A

<100: Azithromycin to prevent M. avium-intracelluaire

63
Q

How does alcohol use affect Cyt P-450?

A

Acute alch inhibits P-450

Chronic alch induces P-450

64
Q

Cytochrome P450 inducers

A 
Queen Barb Steals Phen-phen and Refuses Greasy Carbs Chronically:
Quinidine
Barbituates (anticonvulsant)
St. John's Wort
Phenytoin (neuroleptic)
Rifampin
Griseofulvin (antifungal)
Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant/mood stblz)
Chronical alch use
65
Q

Cytochrome P450 inhibitors

A 
Acutely Inhibit from PICK EGS:
Protease inhibitors
Isoniazid
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Erythromycin
Grapefruit juice
Sulfonamides
\+acute alch abuse
66
Q

Lupus-inducing drugs

A 
SHIPP:
Sufonamides
Hydralazine (anti-HTN)
Isoniazid
Phenytoin (neuroleptic)
Procainamide (ant-arrhythmic)
67
Q

Use for macrolides

A

PUS:
P = Pneumonias (atypical): Chlamydia pneum, Legionella pneumophilia, Mycoplasma pneum
U = URIs. covers gram+ like Strep throat (S. pyogenes)
S = STDs. Chlamydia, gonorrhea

68
Q

How does disulfiram work?

A

Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, so when you drink, alcohol is not metabolized all the way to acetate like usual. It stops at an intermediate form (acetaldehyde) which makes you have asian glow.
Caused by disulfiram, metronidazole, some cephalosporins, procarbazine (chemo), 1st gen sufonylureas

69
Q

Drugs w photosensitivity rxns?

A

SAT for a photo:
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone (anti-arrh)
Tetracyclines

70
Q

Prophylaxis for PCP pneumonia

A

TMP-SMX

can use aerosolized pentamidine or dapsone if allergic to sulfa)

* DIT each session (34 decks)

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