Day 4.2 Psych Flashcards
Manic episode
> 1week
Distinct period of abnormal and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
Can be happy or angry
Often disturbing to the pt, but can also be fun- v. productive
Dx of manic episode
3 or more of DIG FAST: Distractibility Irresponsibility- hedonistic Grandiosity- inflated self-esteem, can be delusional Flight of ideas- racing thoughts Activity and agitation increased Sleep less (decreased need) Talkative, pressured speech
Hypomanic episode
Like manic except mood disturbance doesn’t interfere with social/occupational function, and doesn’t need hospitalization
No psychotic features.
Bipolar disorder
At least 1 manic or hypomanic episode.
(manic = bipolar I, hypomanic = bipolar II)
Always get depressive symptoms eventually.
Pt’s mood/fn usu returns to normal bt episodes.
Use of anti-depressants can lead to mania (bc they increase serotonin, NE)
Engage in pleasurable activities w potentially painful consequences
High suicide risk
Rx for bipolar disorder
mood stabilizers: lithium valproate lamotrigine carbamazapine
atypical antipsychotics:
olanzipine
aripiprazole
Cyclothymic disorder
> 2 years
milder form of bipolar- hypomania, mild depression
Lithium mech and use
mech unknown, may be related to inhibition of phosphoinositol cascade
Use: mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder, blocks relapse and acute manic events
also used in SIADH
DoC for bipolar, mania
What is SIADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate(ly high) Anti-Diuretic Hormone
Excess ADH = retain water and don’t urinate; serum Na+ decreases.
Toxicity of lithium
LMNOP Lithium side effects: Movement (tremor) Nephrogenic DI hypOthyroidism Pregnancy problems
Tremor, sedation, edema, heart block, hypothyroidism, polyuria (ADH antagonist, causes nephrogenic DI), teratogenesis (Ebstein’s anomaly of the heart).
Narrow therapeutic window, requires close monitoring of serum levels
Ebstein’s anomaly of the heart
Opening of tricuspid valve is directed toward the apex of the RV.
Assoc w lithium in 1st trimester and WPW
Which anti-depressants have no sexual side effects?
Bupropion (wellbutrin)- atypical antidepr NDRI
Nefadozone- SNRI
Mjr depressive episode characteristics
>2wks, need at least 5 of these and also must include pt-reported depressed mood or anhedonia: SIG E CAPS (GAS C PIES) Sleep disturbance Interest loss Guilt/feelings of worthlessness Energy loss Concentration loss Appetite/weight chg Psychomotor retardation/agitation (leaden/hard to get up off of couch)
Major depressive disorder- recurrent
2 or more major depressive episodes with a symptom-free interval of 2 months
Dysthymia
Milder form of depression, 2 criteria, lasting at least two years
Seasonal affective disorder
assoc’d w winter, improves w light
Lifetime prevalence of depression
5-12% male
10-25% female
Sleep patterns of depressed pts
Decreases slow wave sleep (Stg 3&4)
Decreased REM latency (get to REM faster)
Increased REM early in sleep cycle
Increased total REM
Repeated night time awakenings
Early morning awakening (imp screening question)
Atypical depression.
characterized by hypersomnia, hyperphagia (overeating), and mood reactivity- ability to experience improved mood in response to positive events, vs persistent sadness, and psychomotor retardation (feeling like lead)
Assocd w weight gain and sensitivity to rejection
Most common subtype of depression
Rx: MAOIs, SSRIs (NOT TCAs)
What are the 3 post-partum mood disturbances, epi
Postpartum blues: 50-85%
Postpartum depression: 10-15%
Postpartum psychosis: 0.1-0.2%
Postpartum blues
Mild depression for 10days/2wks
Increased tearfulness, tiredness.
Rx supportive care, usually resolves. follow up at postpartum visit
Educate pts about this before birth! 50-85% of pts!!
Postpartum depression
Depressed affect that doesn’t resolve after 2 weeks
Anx, poor concentration
A mjr depressive episode, just in the postpartum period.
Lasts 2 wks to over a year
Rx: anti-depressants, CBT, psychotherapy, supportive therapy
Postpartum psychosis
delusions, confusion, unusual bhvr, homicidal or suicidal ideations or attempts
Days-over 1mo
High assoc w bipolar disorder
Rx antipsychotics, antidepressants, in-pt hospitalization if pt is a danger
ECT
Treatment option for mjr depressive disorder if other Rx doesn’t work.
Cause painless seizure in an anesthetized pt.
Can cause disorientation and antero/retrograde amnesia (minimize by performing ECT unilaterally)
Risk factors for suicide completion
SAD PERSONS: Sex (male) Age (teen or elderly) Depression Prev attempt Ethanol/drug use Rational thinking Sickness (medical illness, 3+ prescriptions) Organized plan No spouse (divorced/widowed/single, esp if childless) Social support lacking
Also, schizophrenia, access to a gun, and borderline personality disorder
Women try more, men succeed more.
List the TCAs
-ipramines and -tylines:
Imipramine, amitriptyline, desipramine, nortryptiline, clomipramine, doxepin, amoxapine.
How do TCAs work?
They block the reuptake of NE and Serotonin.
Use for TCAs
Mjr depression.
Imipramine: bed-wetting
Clomipramine: OCD
Also used for fibromyalgia (sympt improve w improved ability to sleep). Use nortriptyline for elderly pt/pt w fibromyalgia bc less side effects on ACh.
Side effects of TCAs
Sedation
alpha-blocking effects (hypotension, sedation, dizziness)
atropine-like (anticholinergic) effects- tachycardia, urinary retention
Tertiary TCAs (amitriptyline) have more anticholinergic effects than Secondary TCAs (nortriptyline).
Desipramine is the least sedating and has a lower seizure threshold.
TCA toxicity
Tri-C’s: convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity (arrhythmias)
also, respiratory depression, hyperpyrexia-d/t convulsions.
Confusion and hallucinations in elderly d/t anticholinergic side effects (so use nortriptyline)
Rx: NaHCO3 for CV toxicity
List the SSRIs
Fluoxetine Paroxetine Sertraline Citalopram Fluvoxamine
How do SSRIs work?
Sertonin-specific reuptake inhibitors
Usu takes 2-3 wks for them to start working (bridge w amphetamines)
Clinical use for SSRIs
Depression bulemia basically any anx disorder: generalized anx disorder panic disorder PTSD OCD social phobias can also use for atypical depression
SSRI toxicity
Less toxicity than TCAs
Sexual dysfn #1 reason for discontinuation
GI distress
Serotonin syndrome w any other drug that increased serotonin (eg MAOI)
What is serotonin syndrome?
caused by taking multiple drugs that increase serotonin
hyperthermia, musc rigidity (contraction), CV collapse, flushing, diarrhea, seizures
Rx: cooling and benzos 1st, then cyproheptadine (serotonin receptor antagonist)
Drugs associated with Serotonin Syndrome (so don’t give these with SSRIs)
Other SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs St. John's Wort, kava kava Sibutramine (SNRI for weight loss) Tryptophan Cocaine, amphetamines
SSRI withdrawal
dizziness, nausea, fatigue, musc aches, anx, irritibility- get all of these with short-acting SSRIs, so give long acting fluoxetine (t1/2 is 9 days) to gradually taper.
List the SNRIs
Venlafaxine Duloxetine Desvenlafaxine Nefadozone (no sexual side effects) Milnacipran Sibutramine (for weight loss)
How do SNRIs work?
Inhibit reuptake of both serotonin and NE
What are SNRIs used for?
Depression
Velafaxine- also used in gen anx disorder
Duloxetine- used for diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Duloxetine has a greater effect on NE.
Toxicity of SNRIs
Increased BP is most common
Also, stimulant effects, sedation, nausea
List MAOIs
Phenelzine
Tranylcypromine
Isocarboxazid
Selegiline (an MAO-B inhibitor, but not an anti-depressant. used for parkinsons)
Mechanism of MAOI
Nonselective MAO inhibition, leading to increased levels of amine NTs (Dopa, NE, Epi, Serotonin) bc MAO is inhibited and doesn’t break them down as usual
Clinical use for MAOIs
Atypical depression
Anx
Hypochondriasis (hypochondriac)
Toxicity for MAOIs
HTN crisis when ingesting food with tyramine (wine, cheese, beer, soy sauce, any food that’s aged)
HTN crisis with Beta-agonists
CNS stimulation
Contraindicated with SSRIs or meperidine (narcotic analgesic) to prevent serotonin syndrome
MAOI washout period- wait 2 wks before starting or after finishing MAOIs to avoid any interactions w other antidepressants
What are the atypical antidepressants?
Bupropion (wellbutrin) NDRI
Mirtzapine (a tetracyclic)
Trazodone (a tetracyclic)
Maprotiline
What atypical antidepressants are often used with SSRIs?
Buproprion (NDRI) and Trazodone
Buproprion
NDRI, Atypical antidepressant
Also used for smoking cessation
Increases NE and dopamine by unknown mech (so good w SSRI to increase serotonin and therefore cover all NTs)
Toxicity: stimulant effects (tachycardia, insomnia- so take in morning); headache. No sexual side effects.
Can cause seizure in bulemics or in anyone w hx of seizures or when given w anything that lowers the seizure threshold
Mirtzapine
Atypical antidepressant, tetracyclic.
Alpha2 antagonist (so increases rls of NE and serotonin), and potent serotonin receptor antagonist
Good for elderly pt w decreased appetite and insomnia (use side effects to advantage)
Toxicity: sedation, decreased appetite, weight gain, dry mouth (there are anti-histamine side effects)
Maprotiline
Atypical antidepressant
Blocks NE reuptake
Toxicity: sedation, orthostatic hypotension
Trazodone
Atypical antidepressant, tetracyclic.
Primarily inhibits serotonin reuptake.
Used for insomnia (esp in elderly) and at high doses for antidepressant
Toxicity: sedation, nausea, priapism (trazoBONE), postural hypotension
Amytriptylline side effects
Amytriptylline = TCA dry mouth tinnitus blurred vision mania these are mostly due to amytriptylline's anti-cholinergic activity
Cyclothymia vs dysthymia
Cyclothymia - milder form of bipolar, >2 years (think cyclic)
Dysthymia - milder form of depression >2 years (D for depression)
Mech of action for benzodiazapines
facilitate GABA by increasing frequency of Cl- chnl opening
Mech of action for barbituates
Facilitate GABA by increasing duration of Cl- chnl opening
NDRI
NE Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor
Bupropion (atypical antidepressant)
Nortryptilline
TCA
Selegiline
MAOI (for parkinsons, not for depression)
Buproprion
NDRI, atypical antidepressant
Mirtazapine
Tetracyclic, atypical antidepressant
Fluvoxamine
SSRI
Doxepin
TCA
Phenelzine
MAOI
Fluoxetine
SSRI
Clomipramine
TCA
Imipramine
TCA
Amitryptilline
TCA
Nefazodone
SNRI
Milnacipran
SNRI
Desipramine
TCA
Sertraline
SSRI
Venlafaxine
SNRI
Paroxetine
SSRI
Tranylcypromine
MAOI
Duloxetine
SNRI
Citalopram
SSRI
Desvenlafaxine
SNRI
Trazodone
Tetracycline, Atypical antidepressant
Panic disorder
Recurrent periods of intense fear and discomfort peaking in 10min Must have at least 4: PANICS (PPANIICCCCSSS) Palpitations Paresthesia Abd distress Nausea Intense fear of dying/losing control LIght-headedness Chest pain Chills Choking disConnectedness Sweating Shaking Shortness of breath
Described in context of occurance (eg panic disorder w agorophobia)
Assocd w persistent fear of having another attack
Rx for panic disorder
Rx CBT (identifying underlying thought processes), SSRIs, TCAs, benzodiazepines (only when needed- simply having them can reduce incidence), B blockers (decrease HR)
Specific phobia
Excessive/unreasonable fear that interferes w normal function
Cued by presence or anticipation of specific object/situation (eg fear of heights)
Pt recognizes fear is excessive
Rx systematic desensitization
Social phobia (social anx disorder)
Exaggerated fear of embarassment in social situations (eg public speaking, using public restrooms)
Rx SSRIs
OCD
Recurring intrusive thoughts, feelings, sensations (obsessions) that cause severe distress; relieved in part by the performance of repetitive actions (compulsions)
Ego-DYStonic: behvr is NOT consistent with one’s own beliefs/attitudes (vs O-C PERSONALITY disorder)
Ego-dystonic- the pt doesn’t like it
Assoc w Tourette’s
Rx: SSRIs, clomipramine (TCA)
PTSD
Persistent reexperiencing of prev traumatic event.
Nightmares, flashbacks, intense fear, helplessness, horror
Avoidance of stimuli assocd w trauma, persistant increased arousal
Lasts >1mo w onset any time after event. Causes significant distress or impaired fn
Rx Psychotherapy, SSRIs
Acute stress disorder
Sympt of PTSD but lasting bt 2 days to 1 mo
Actual PTSD is >1mo
Generalized anx disorder
> 6mo
Anx that doesn’t fit into any other category
Uncontrollable anx that is NOT related to a specific person, situation, event.
Assoc w sleep disturbance, fatigue, difficulty concentrating
Rx: Buspirone, SSRIs, benzos
Adjustment disorder
6mo in presence of a chronic stressor)
Buspirone
Used for Generalized Anx Disorder (>6mo)
Stims serotonin receptors
Does not cause sedation, addiction, tolerance
Does not interact w alcohol (vs barbituates, benzos, which do)
Malingering
Pt consciously fakes or claims to have a disorder in order to attain a specific secondary gain (eg avoiding work, obtaining drugs)
Avoids treatment by medical personnel
Complaints stop after pt gets what they want (not the case in factitious disorder)
Motivation is conscious- pt knows why they are doing it.
Factitious disorder
Pt consciously creates physical/psychological sympt in order to assume “sick role” and to get medical attention (primary gain)
But their motivation for doing this is UNconscious- pt doesn’t know why they are doing it.
Munchausen’s syndrome
Chronic factitious disorder w predominantly physical signs and symptoms.
Hx of multiple hospitalizations, willingness to receive invasive procedures
Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy
Caregiver causes illness in child
Motivation is to assume a sick role by proxy
This is child abuse
Faking illness to get out of work
Malingering
Imagining going through the steps of a scary exam
Systematic desensitization (somatic desensitization)
Somatoform disorders
Physical sympt w no identifiable physical cause. Illness production and motivation are unconscious drives. Sympt not intentionally produced or feigned. More common in women.
Types: somatization disorder, conversion, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, pain disorder, pseudocyesis
Somatization disorder
variety of complaints in multiple organ systems over a period of years
at least 4 pain, 2 GI, 1 sexual, 1 pseudoneurologic
Conversion
motor or sensory symptoms- paralysis, blindness, mutism, pseudoseizures), often after acute stressor.
Pt is aware of sympt but unusually indifferent- la belle indifferance
Hypochondriasis
preoccupation and fear of having a serious illness despite medical eval and reassurance
Body dysmorphic disorder
preoccupation w minor or imagined defect in appearance, leading to significant emotional distress/impaired functioning
Pts often repeatedly seek cosmetic surgery
Pain disorder
prolonged pain w no physical findings
Pseudocyesis
false belief of being pregnant
Motivation unconscious, creation of sympt conscious
Factitious disorder (incl munchausen’s)
Motivation conscious, creation of symp conscious
Malingering
Motivation unconscious, creation of sympt unconscious
Somatization
Personality trait
enduring repetitive pattern of perceiving, relating to, thinking abt the env and oneself
exhibited in a wide range of imp social and personal contexts
Personality disorder
inflexible, maladaptive, rigidly pervasive pattern of behavior causing subjective distress and/or impaired functioning
pt is usu not aware of problem
usu NOT dx’d in children, stable by early adulthood
can’t change them.
Cluster A personality disorders
A = Weird- accusatory, aloof, awkward.
Odd, eccentric. Inability to devp meaningful social relationships
Not psychotic, but genetic assoc w schizophrenia
3 Types: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal (ssp=scary street people)
Cluster B personality disorders
B = Wild- bad, borderline, bubbly, best
Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Genetic assoc w mood disorders and substance abuse.
4 types: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Cluster C personality disorders
C = Worried (cowardly, compulsive, clingy)
Anxious or fearful
Genetic assoc w anx disorders
3 types: avoidant, OC personality disorder (not OCD!), dependent
Borderline personality disorder
Cluster B (bad, BORDERLINE, bubbly, best) Unstable mood and interpersonal relationships, impulsiveness, self-mutilation, suicide ideation, sense of emptiness F>M Splitting is a mjr defense mech (all gd or all bad)
Schizoid
Cluster A (accusatory, ALOOF, awkward) Schizoid = Avoid Voluntary social withdrawal, limited emotional expression, content w social isolation (vs avoidant, cluster c who is hps to rejection and wants relationships)
Narcissistic personality disorder
Cluster B (bad, borderline, bubbly, BEST)
Grandiosity, sens of entitlement, lacks empathy and req’s excessive admiration
often demands the best and reacts to criticism with rage
Dependent personality disorder
Cluster C (cowardly, compulsive, CLINGY)
submissive and clinging
excessive need to be taken care of
low self-confidence
Paranoid personality disorder
Cluster A (ACCUSATORY, aloof, awkward) pervasive distrust and suspiciousness projection is a mjr defense mech
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Cluster C (cowardly, COMPULSIVE, clingy) Pre-occupation w order, perfectionism, and control. Ego-syntonic- the behavior IS consistent w own beliefs and attitudes (vs OCD, where it's not)
Avoidant personality disorder
Cluster C (COWARDLY, compulsive, clingy) HPS to rejection, socially inhibited, timid, feelings of inadequacy Desires relationships w others, but afraid. (vs schizoid, which avoids)
Antisocial personality disorder
Cluster B (BAD, borderline, bubbly, best)
Disregard for and violation of rights of others, criminality
M>F
if s conduct disorder
antiSOCial = SOCiopath
Schizotypal
Cluster A (accusatory, aloof, AWKWARD) Eccentric appearance, odd beliefs or magical thinking, interpersonal awkwardness Schizotypal, dress like a pickle!
Histrionic
Cluster B (bad, borderline, BUBBLY, best) Excessive emotionality and excitability, attention seeking, sexually provacative, overly concerned w appearance
What are the genetic associations with cluster A, B, C
A: schizophrenia
B: mood disorders, substance abuse
C: anx disorders
Substance dependence
Maladaptive pattern of substance use, 3 or more of the following signs in 1 year:
Tolerance (need more to get same effect)
Withdrawal
Substance taken in lgr amts and over longer time than desired
Persistent desire/unsuccessful attempts to cut down
Significant energy used to obtain, use, recover from substance
Reduced number of imp social, job-related, fun activities d/t substance use
Continued use even tho know it’s bad
Substance abuse
Maladaptive pattern leading to clinically significant impairment/distress.
Sympt have NEVER met criteria for dependencs.
Recurrent use, leading to failure to fulfill mjr obligations at work/school/home
Recurrent use in physically dangerous situations
Recurrent legal problems bc of substance abuse
Keep using it in spite of persistent problems caused by use
Substance withdrawal
Bhvrl, physiologic, cognitive state caused by cessation or reduction of heavy/prolonged use.
Sympt/signs often opposite of those seen in intoxication.
S&S depressant:
Alcohol intoxication
Disinhibition Emotional lability Slurred speech Ataxia Coma Blackouts Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)- sensitive indicator of alch use Fatty chg of liver AST = 2xALT (A Scotch & Tonic) Rx: time! (naltrexone, disulfiram are for prevention)
S&S depressant:
Alcohol withdrawal
Alch withdrawal is life threatening! Tremor Tachycardia HTN Malaise Nausea Seizures DTs- delirium tremens Tremulousness Agitation Hallucinations (incl tactile- ants)
Rx for DTs: benzodiazapines (or alcohol)
S&S depressants:
opioid intoxication
eg morphine, heroin, methadone
CNS depression Naus/vom constipation pupillary constriction (pinpoint pupils) seizures (OD is life-threatening) Rx: naloxone, naltrexone
S&S depressants:
opioid withdrawal
eg morphine, heroin, methadone
uncomfortable, but NOT life threatening like alch withdrawal) anx insomnia anorexia sweating dilated pupils piloerection (cold turkey) fever rhinorrhea nausea, stomach cramps, diarrha (flu-like sympt) yawning
Rx: treat sympt; naloxone + buprenorphone (suboxone); methadone
S&S depressants:
Barbituate intoxication
Respiratory depression.
Have a low safety margin
Rx: manage sympt (assist breathing, increase BP)
S&S depressants:
Barbituate withdrawal
Anx
seizures
delirium
life-threatening CV collapse
S&S depressants:
Benzodiazapine intoxication
Greater safety margin than barbituates. Amnesia ataxia somnolence (that's why ppl use them) minor respi depression additive effects w alcohol.
RX: flumazenil (competitive GABA antagonist)
S&S depressants:
Benzodiazapine withdrawal
Rebound anx
seizures
tremor
insomnia
Prevention of relapse in alcoholics
AA disulfiram naltraxone topiramate (anti-seizure drug) acamprosate
Delirium Tremens
life-threatening alch withdrawal syndrome
peaks 2-5 days after last drink
in order of appearance:
autonomic system hyperactivity (tachycardia, tremors, anx, seizures)
psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions)
confusion
RX: benzos
Alcoholism
physiological tolerance and dependence w sympt of withdrawal (tremor, tachycardia, HTN, malaise, nausea, DTs) when intake is interrupted
complications - alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, testicular atrophy, sat night palsy (compress radial nerve), aspiration pneumonia
Alch is a diuretic, so it causes tubular dysfn and will decrease Mg2+ levels- give alcoholics Mg2+ in the ER, esp if they are having heart problems.
Wernicke-Korakoff syndrome
Seen in alcoholics.
Caused by thiamine/B1 deficiency
Triad: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia (Wernicke’s encephalopathy)
May progress to irreversible memory loss, confabulation, personality chg (Korsakoff’s psychosis)
Assoc w periventricular hemorrhage/necrosis of mammillary bodies.
RX: IV thiamine/B1
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
See in alcoholism
Longitudinal lacerations at the GE junction, caused by excessive vomiting.
Often presents w hematemesis
Assoc w pain (vs esophageal varices, which bleed but are painless)
Heroin addiction
Users at incrsd risk for hepatitis, liver abscess, overdose, hemorrhoids, AIDS, right-sided endocarditis, tricuspid valve endocarditis. Many of risks are due to needle use, not heroin itself
Look for needle sticks in veins (track marks)
Will have sympt of opioid intoxication (pinpoint pupils, respi depression, coma)
Rx: Naloxone, naltrexone, methadone, suboxone
Nalxone, naltrexone
Competitively inhibit opioids
Used in cases of opioid OD
If unconscious pt in ER, often give these just in case it’s OD.
Methadone
long-acting oral opiate, used for heroin detox or long-term maintenance
Suboxone
naloxone + buprenorphine (partial agonist)
long-acting w fewer withdrawal sympt than methadone.
naloxone is not active when taken orally, so withdrawal sympt occur only if injected. (lower abuse potential)
Rx for benzo OD
Flumazenil
What drug categories cause pupillary constriction (miosis)
Opiods
Organophosphates, any Anti-AChE (stigmines)
What drug categories cause pupillary dilation (mydriasis)
Stimulants- amphetamines, cocaine
Muscarinic antagonists- atropine
Withdrawal of Opioids
Hallucinogens- LSD
CAGE questionnaire
Alch screening: Cut back Annoyed (when ppl ask you abt it) Guilty Eye-opener
Rx for alcoholic with hypoglycemia
Give B1/Thiamine BEFORE giving glucose.
Alcoholics have impaired gluconeogenesis- they can’t generate glucose. But, if you just give them glucose, will cause Werenke-Korsakoff. So give B1 first, then can give glucose.
What’s in a banana bag?
thiamine (B1), folate, multivitamines, Mg2+
give to alcoholics
B1/thiamine deficiency
Causes Wereke-Korsakoff or Beri Beri (dry/wet)
Rx for alcoholics (prophylaxis)
AA, disulfiram, etc
HBV, HAV, pneumonia, influenza vaccines
Warn abt tylenol use- 4g is toxic to liver.
S&S stimulants:
Amphetamines intoxication/OD
Psychomotor agitation Impaired judgement Pupillary dilation HTN Tachycardia Euphoria Prolonged wakefulness and attn Cardiac arrhythmias Delusions, hallucinations Fever
S&S stimulants:
Amphetamine and Cocaine withdrawal
Post-use "crash" severe depression, suicidality lethargy, hypersomnulence, fatigue, malaise stomach cramps, hunger severe psychological craving
S&S stimulants:
Cocaine OD
Euphoria Psychomotor agitation impaired judgement tachycardia pupillary dilation HTN hallucinations (tactile) paranoid ideations angina sudden cardiac death
Rx for cocaine OD
benzos, haloperidol
S&S stimulants:
Caffeine OD
Restlessness, insomnia, increased diuresis, muscle twitching, cardiac arrhythmia- PACs, PVCs (premature atrial, ventricle contractions)
S&S stimulants:
Caffeine withdrawal
Headache, lethargy, depression, weight gain
S&S stimulants:
Nicotine OD
Restlessness, insomnia, anx, arrhythmias- PACs, PVCs
S&S stimulants:
Nicotine Withdrawal and RX
Irritability, headache, craving, weight gain
RX: nicotine replacement (gum, patch, losenge)
help prevent relapse w bupropion/varenicline
S&S hallucinogens:
PCP intoxication/OD
Belligerence (!) impulsiveness fever psychomotor agitation vertical and horizontal nystagmus tachycardia ataxia Violence- homicidality psychosis, delirium
Rx for PCP intoxication
Benzos, haloperidol
S&S hallucinogens:
PCP withdrawal
Depression, anx
irritability, restlessness
anergia, disturbances in thought and sleep
violence (can have with both OD and withdrawal)
S&S hallucinogens:
LSD OD
marked anx or depression delusions visual hallucinations flashbacks (even years later) pupillary dilation
S&S hallucinogens:
MJ intoxication
euphoria, anx, paranoid delusions perception of slowed time impaired judgement increased appetite dry mouth, hallucinations red eyes (conjunctivitis) long term: social withdrawal teens who use have incrsd risk for schizophrenia
S&S hallucinogens:
MJ withdrawal
Irritability, depression insomnia nausea, anorexia Most sympt peak in 48 hrs and last 5-7 days Can detect in urine up to 1mo after use
