Day 3

Question 1

Why is it significant to find RBCs in the urine?

Answer 1

The presence of RBCs in the urine is associated with damage to the glomerular membrane of vascular injury within the genitourinary tract

Question 2

This type of RBC appears with spiny projections due to shrinkage. It is found in concentrated HYPERTONIC urines

Answer 2

Cremated RBCs

Question 3

This type of RBC appears swollen or as a shell. It is found in old, dilute, alkaline, HYPOTONIC urines?

Answer 3

Ghost RBCs

Question 4

How can hematuria and hemoglobinuria be distinguished?

Answer 4

Speckles= individual RBCS(hematuria)

One solid color= bursts(hemoglobinuria)

Question 5

Glitter cells are WBCs whose cytoplasmic granules exhibit Brownian Movement. These cells are generally seen in what type of urines?

Answer 5

Alkaline and hypotonic

Question 6

These epithelial cells originate from the lining of the renal pelvis, bladder, and upper urethra?

Answer 6

Transitions epithelial cells

Question 7

These epithelial cells originate from the PCT, DCT and Collecting ducts? They are round with an eccentrically located nucleus and are often seen with increased protein and casts.

Answer 7

Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

Question 8

What is the major component of most casts?

Answer 8

Tamm-Horsfall Protein

Question 9

Where are casts formed?

Answer 9

Lumen of the collecting ducts and DCT

Question 10

What is most frequently occurring cast in the urine?

Answer 10

Hylanine casts

Question 11

This type of cast indicates bleeding within the nephron

Answer 11

RBC casts

Question 12

This type of cast indicates inflammation/ infection within the nephron or glomerular disease

Answer 12

WBC cast

Question 13

This type of cast indicates damage/degeneration of the tubules

Answer 13

Epithelial Cell Casts

Question 14

This type of cast indicates extreme decrease in urine flow and is seen in chronic renal failure

Answer 14

Waxy Casts

Question 15

This type of cast is much larger than all other casts and formed primarily in the collecting ducts?

Answer 15

Broad casts

Question 16

How can yeast be distinguished from RBCs in the urine?

Answer 16

They are refractile (yeasts)

Question 17

Trichomomas vaginalis can easily be confused with what cell?

Answer 17

WBC

Question 18

When is the presence of spermatozoa in urine considered significant/critical?

Answer 18

If found in young children

Question 19

What is the main protein excreted by renal transitional cells that result in MUCUS IN THE URINE?

Answer 19

Tamm Horsfall

Question 20

Name the 3 normal crystals found in acidic urine

Answer 20

Urid Acid Crystals
Amorphous Urates
Calcium Oxalate Crystals
(UAAUCO)

Question 21

Name the 5 Normal crystals found in alkaline urine

Answer 21

Triple Phosphate Crystals
Amorphous Phosphate 
Calcium Phosphate Crystal
Ammonium Biurate Crystals 
Calcium Carbonate Crystals
(P3ABCC)

Question 22

Name the 4 abnormal crystals found in the urine

Answer 22

Cystine Crystal, Cholesterol crystals, leucine crystals and tyrosine crystals

Question 23

What crystal is seen in inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism?

Answer 23

Tyrosine Crystals

Question 24

75% of all kidney stones(calculi) are made up of what formations?

Answer 24

Calcium Oxalate

Question 25

What type of RBCs are seen in a hypotonic solution ?

Answer 25

Ghost cells

Question 26

What is hematuria?

Answer 26

Intact RBCs in the urine

Question 27

What type of solution are “glitter cells” seen in?

Answer 27

Hypotonic (alkaline)

Question 28

Name the most frequently seen epithelial cell?

Answer 28

Squamous

Question 29

Name the most significant of the epithelial cells and describe the nucleus

Answer 29

Renal Epithelial Tubular | ********

Question 30

Give one reason why a patient may have a urinary cast

Answer 30

Reduced urine flow/ pt not drinking enough water

Question 31

Name the glycoprotein that is a major component of urinary casts

Answer 31

Tamm Horsfall

Question 32

Describe a waxy cast

Answer 32

Cracks

Question 33

What does an RBC cast indicates?

Answer 33

Difficulty filtering blood within the nephron

Question 34

If you have a fatty cast, what will you see using the polarized light ?

Answer 34

Maltese cross formation

Question 35

What % acetic acid will lyse RBCs so you’re able to identify other cellular elements ?

Answer 35

2%

Question 36

What is the most frequently used supravital stain for urine sediment consisting of Crystal Violet & Safranin O?

Answer 36

Sternheimer-Malbin stain

Question 37

How do triple phosphate crystals look?

Answer 37

Coffin lid appearance

Question 38

Which Crystal resembles an envelope ?

Answer 38

Dihydrate form-Calcium Oxalate

Question 39

What Crystal gves a “thorny apple” appearance and when is it present?

Answer 39

Ammonium Biurate; present only when free ammonia is found in the urine

Question 40

What crystals are oval or dumbbell shaped and often seen in cases of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning?

Answer 40

Monohydrate form- Calcium Oxalate

Question 41

Describe Calcium Carbonate Crystals

Answer 41

Small colorless, dumbbell or spherical shapes

Question 42

Colorless, refractile, hexagonal plates with equal or unequal sides Indicates inborn error of metabolism disorder

Answer 42

Cystine Crystals

Question 43

Large, flat, transparent, rectangular plates with a notch in one or more corners “missing corners”

Answer 43

Cholesterol crystals

Question 44

How do you report mucus threads?

Answer 44

Light,mod, heavy

Question 45

How do you report bacteria?

Answer 45

Neg,light,mod,heavy

Question 46

How you report crystals?

Answer 46

Report same as epi cells

Question 47

How do you report amorphous sediment?

Answer 47

Trace, 1+,2+,3+,4+

Question 48

How do you report yeast?

Answer 48

Report “budding yeast seen” of “budding yeast seen with fungal elements “