Day 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major parts of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

List the Five major functions of the kidney

A
  • removes waste products
  • retention of nutrients such as:electrolytes, protein, H2O and glucose
  • Maintains acid-base balance
  • Maintains H2O and electrolytes balance
  • Hormone synthesis: erythropoietin, renin, VitD
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3
Q

Middle layer consisting of fat tissue that attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall and provides cushioning against blows. Also important to hold the kidneys in their normal body position.

A

Adipose capsule

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4
Q

Inner most protective layer that adheres directly to the kidney surface and keeps infections from surrounding areas from migrating to the kidney

A

Renal Capsule

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5
Q

Outer most layer consisting of fibrous connective tissue that surround the kidney, it’s attendant membranes, and the adrenal glands. It anchors these organs to surrounding structures

A

Renal Fascia

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6
Q

Secretes mucus to prevent its cells from coming in contact with urine

A

Inner layer

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7
Q

Composed of connective tissue and adipose tissue

A

Outer layer

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8
Q

Muscular fibers which contract to push urine to the bladder

A

Middle layer

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9
Q

__________________Cells line the ureter near the bladder, and ________________cells line the ureter near its external opening

A

Transitional epithelial

Squamous epithelial

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10
Q

The internal and external _____________ureter help keep the urethra closed when urine is not being passed and prevent urine from leaking between voiding

A

Sphincter

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11
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron unit

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12
Q

The bladder can hold approximately how much urine?

A

500 mls

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13
Q

List the six parts of the nephron

A
Bowmans Capsule
Glomerulous
PCT
DCT
Loop of Henle
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14
Q

List the two layers of the Bowmans capsule

A

Parietal layer

Visceral layer

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15
Q

Initial filtration occurs between the glomerulus and the_________ in the _____layer of Bowmans capsule. This filtration occurs because glomerular capillaries are more permeable

A

Podocytes

Visceral

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16
Q

The smaller size of the _______ arteriole increases the glomerular capillaries blood pressure

A

Afferent

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17
Q

The ________ takes fill trade blood out of the nephron

A

Afferent arteriole

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18
Q

The PCT reabsorbs ____ percent of fluid and electrolytes.

A

80

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19
Q

Concentrating segment. Allows water to be reabsorbed, but not ions(Na, Cl)

A

Descending LH

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20
Q

Diluting segment. Allows ions(Na,Cl) to be reabsorbed, but not water

A

Ascending LH

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21
Q

_________________ is where final reabsorption of Na occurs, maintaining the water/electrolyte balance

A

DCT

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22
Q

____________ stimulates reabsorption of sodium (followed by water) and the release of potassium ions, in the Distal Convoluted Tubule(DCT)

A

Aldosterone

23
Q

_______ is where excess acid is removed, maintaining acid/base balance

A

DCT

24
Q

_______________ is where final concentration of urine occurs

A

Collecting ducts

25
Q

______ Controls water reabsorption and in large is the collecting duct pores. These larger pores enable more water to be conserved through osmosis

A

ADH

26
Q

What percentage of blood pumped by the heart is received by the kidney at any given time?

A

25%

27
Q

Approximately how much blood is processed by the kidney each minute?

A

600-700mls

28
Q

List the three major processes involved in urine formation

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

29
Q

Small molecules that are able to pass through the Glomerulous wall

A

Water
creatinine
glucose
urea

30
Q

Large molecules that are not able to pass through the glomerular wall, and Are retained in the blood

A

WBCs
RBCs
protein

31
Q

List the three mechanisms of reabsorption

A

Active transport
Passive transport
Osmosis

32
Q

Which mechanism of absorption allows for movement from low to high concentration? It involves a carrier protein and requires energy?

A

Active Transport

33
Q

Which mechanism of reabsorption allows for movement from high to low concentration? It follows a natural gradient and does not require energy

A

Passive transport

34
Q

Which mechanism reabsorption pertains only to movement of water under the control of anti-diuretic hormone?

A

Osmosis

35
Q

Reabsorption is limited by _______________, which is the maximum amount of an analyte like that will be absorbed from the glomerular filtrate

A

Renal threshold

36
Q

This high threshold products

A

Glucose

Nutrients

37
Q

List low threshold products

A

Waste
BUN
auric acid
Creatinine

38
Q

What major process in your information occurs when excess potassium ions are allowed to pass through the blood into the DCT? The same process occurs when the body maintains acid/base balance by delivering hydrogen ions to the DCT in order to maintain a blood pH of 7.4

A

Secretion

39
Q

What is urine composition?

A

96% water

4% dissolved substances

40
Q

What information must be supplied on the label of a urine sample?

A

Patients name
SSN
Date/time of collection

41
Q

True or False

Patient identification label should be attached to either the container or lid of urine specimens

A

False; container not lid

42
Q

Urine specimen should be tested within what amount of time, if not refrigerated?

A

30 min

43
Q

What is the maximum amount of time a urine specimen to be refrigerated before analysis?

A

8 hours

44
Q

What are the two methods of urine preservation?

A

Physical and chemical

45
Q

True or False

Precipitation of amorphous phosphate can occur if a urine specimen is allowed to cool or is refrigerated

A

True

46
Q

List for preferred chemical preservative characteristics:

A

Bacteriocidal
Inhibits urease activity
Preserved formed elements
Doesn’t interfere with chemical tests

47
Q

List 7 examples of chemical preservatives

A
Formalin
Toluene
Phenol
Thymol
Preservative tablets
Boric acid
Sodium fluoride
48
Q

Which chemical preservative is best for sediment?

A

Formalin

49
Q

Which three chemical preservatives do not interfere with routine test?

A

Toluene
Phenol
Thymol

50
Q

Which chemical preservative preserves protein and formed elements?

A

Boric acid

51
Q

Which chemical preservative prevents glycolysis and is good for drug analysis?

A

Sodium Flouride

52
Q

True or False

Sodium Flouride is the best chemical preservative for reagent strip testing

A

False; inhibits glucose

53
Q

List the three increase changes that occur in unpreserved urine:

A
  • Number of bacteria
  • pH: due to urea being broken down to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria
  • Turbidity due to precipitating phosphates
54
Q

List of five decrease changes that occur in unpreserved urine

A
  • glucose is present
  • Number of cells due to lysis
  • ketones due to volatilization
  • Bilirubin due to exposure to light, photo oxidation to biliverdin
  • Urobilinogen due to oxidation, oxidize to urobilin