Day 1 Flashcards
What are the four major parts of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
List the Five major functions of the kidney
- removes waste products
- retention of nutrients such as:electrolytes, protein, H2O and glucose
- Maintains acid-base balance
- Maintains H2O and electrolytes balance
- Hormone synthesis: erythropoietin, renin, VitD
Middle layer consisting of fat tissue that attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall and provides cushioning against blows. Also important to hold the kidneys in their normal body position.
Adipose capsule
Inner most protective layer that adheres directly to the kidney surface and keeps infections from surrounding areas from migrating to the kidney
Renal Capsule
Outer most layer consisting of fibrous connective tissue that surround the kidney, it’s attendant membranes, and the adrenal glands. It anchors these organs to surrounding structures
Renal Fascia
Secretes mucus to prevent its cells from coming in contact with urine
Inner layer
Composed of connective tissue and adipose tissue
Outer layer
Muscular fibers which contract to push urine to the bladder
Middle layer
__________________Cells line the ureter near the bladder, and ________________cells line the ureter near its external opening
Transitional epithelial
Squamous epithelial
The internal and external _____________ureter help keep the urethra closed when urine is not being passed and prevent urine from leaking between voiding
Sphincter
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron unit
The bladder can hold approximately how much urine?
500 mls
List the six parts of the nephron
Bowmans Capsule Glomerulous PCT DCT Loop of Henle
List the two layers of the Bowmans capsule
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Initial filtration occurs between the glomerulus and the_________ in the _____layer of Bowmans capsule. This filtration occurs because glomerular capillaries are more permeable
Podocytes
Visceral
The smaller size of the _______ arteriole increases the glomerular capillaries blood pressure
Afferent
The ________ takes fill trade blood out of the nephron
Afferent arteriole
The PCT reabsorbs ____ percent of fluid and electrolytes.
80
Concentrating segment. Allows water to be reabsorbed, but not ions(Na, Cl)
Descending LH
Diluting segment. Allows ions(Na,Cl) to be reabsorbed, but not water
Ascending LH
_________________ is where final reabsorption of Na occurs, maintaining the water/electrolyte balance
DCT
____________ stimulates reabsorption of sodium (followed by water) and the release of potassium ions, in the Distal Convoluted Tubule(DCT)
Aldosterone
_______ is where excess acid is removed, maintaining acid/base balance
DCT
_______________ is where final concentration of urine occurs
Collecting ducts
______ Controls water reabsorption and in large is the collecting duct pores. These larger pores enable more water to be conserved through osmosis
ADH
What percentage of blood pumped by the heart is received by the kidney at any given time?
25%
Approximately how much blood is processed by the kidney each minute?
600-700mls
List the three major processes involved in urine formation
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Small molecules that are able to pass through the Glomerulous wall
Water
creatinine
glucose
urea
Large molecules that are not able to pass through the glomerular wall, and Are retained in the blood
WBCs
RBCs
protein
List the three mechanisms of reabsorption
Active transport
Passive transport
Osmosis
Which mechanism of absorption allows for movement from low to high concentration? It involves a carrier protein and requires energy?
Active Transport
Which mechanism of reabsorption allows for movement from high to low concentration? It follows a natural gradient and does not require energy
Passive transport
Which mechanism reabsorption pertains only to movement of water under the control of anti-diuretic hormone?
Osmosis
Reabsorption is limited by _______________, which is the maximum amount of an analyte like that will be absorbed from the glomerular filtrate
Renal threshold
This high threshold products
Glucose
Nutrients
List low threshold products
Waste
BUN
auric acid
Creatinine
What major process in your information occurs when excess potassium ions are allowed to pass through the blood into the DCT? The same process occurs when the body maintains acid/base balance by delivering hydrogen ions to the DCT in order to maintain a blood pH of 7.4
Secretion
What is urine composition?
96% water
4% dissolved substances
What information must be supplied on the label of a urine sample?
Patients name
SSN
Date/time of collection
True or False
Patient identification label should be attached to either the container or lid of urine specimens
False; container not lid
Urine specimen should be tested within what amount of time, if not refrigerated?
30 min
What is the maximum amount of time a urine specimen to be refrigerated before analysis?
8 hours
What are the two methods of urine preservation?
Physical and chemical
True or False
Precipitation of amorphous phosphate can occur if a urine specimen is allowed to cool or is refrigerated
True
List for preferred chemical preservative characteristics:
Bacteriocidal
Inhibits urease activity
Preserved formed elements
Doesn’t interfere with chemical tests
List 7 examples of chemical preservatives
Formalin Toluene Phenol Thymol Preservative tablets Boric acid Sodium fluoride
Which chemical preservative is best for sediment?
Formalin
Which three chemical preservatives do not interfere with routine test?
Toluene
Phenol
Thymol
Which chemical preservative preserves protein and formed elements?
Boric acid
Which chemical preservative prevents glycolysis and is good for drug analysis?
Sodium Flouride
True or False
Sodium Flouride is the best chemical preservative for reagent strip testing
False; inhibits glucose
List the three increase changes that occur in unpreserved urine:
- Number of bacteria
- pH: due to urea being broken down to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria
- Turbidity due to precipitating phosphates
List of five decrease changes that occur in unpreserved urine
- glucose is present
- Number of cells due to lysis
- ketones due to volatilization
- Bilirubin due to exposure to light, photo oxidation to biliverdin
- Urobilinogen due to oxidation, oxidize to urobilin
