Day 26 Cumulative Review Flashcards

Question

Behaviorism

Answer 1

Theory of learning that is interested n observable changes in behavior Conditioning: Forming associations or connections between experiences (stimuli) and neural impulses (responses)

Answer 2

Classical Conditioning: Learning occurs through paired associations between UCS and NS to produce a CS - Involuntary Operant Conditioning: Learning occurs by associating a response with a consequence - Voluntary

Answer 3

Do you want to increase a desirable behavior? - Reinforcement Do you want to decrease an undesirable behavior? - Punishment Are we adding a stimulus or taking one away? - Apply (positive) or remove (negative)

Answer 4

In SCT, learning occurs from interacting with and watching other people, as well as witnessing the resulting consequences It emphasizes learning by observation and modeling

Answer 5

For good or bad we are going to learn from watching others Ex. Bobo doll experiment

Answer 6

Modeling: learning by observing what other people do and the resulting consequences Modeling can - Teach new behaviors (observational or vicarious learning) or new ways of thinking

Answer 7

Individuals construct what they learn and understand Emphasizes - Learners contribute to their own learning - Importance of social interaction in development of skills and knowledge - Knowledge and information is discovered through some activity and interactions

Answer 8

Equilibration: Integrating particular pieces of knowledge of the world into a unified whole Happens via - Assimilation: Transforming new information to fit with existing way of thinking (aSS= Same Scheme) - Accommodation: Adapting our existing way of thinking to new information that doesn't fit with our existing way of thinking (aCC= Change/Create [Scheme])

Answer 9

Internalization: The process of progressing from social activities to internal mental activities - Private Speech: Internalization of language during activity - Appropriation: Transforming incoming info and making it our own; adapting cultural ideas and strategies for your own use Scaffolding: Supportive techniques that help students accomplish challenging tasks (tasks within their ZPD) in instructional contexts

Answer 10

We are capable of doing more in collective activity or under guidance of more knowledgeable other Play is an important means of learning to appropriate cultural tools

Answer 11

Sets of objects, symbols, or events that share - Common characteristics - Critical attributes Concepts can be abstract or concrete They help us organize the world around us Conceptual Change requires cognitive conflict

Answer 12

Learning is the aquisition of mental representations Knowledge is organized and interrelated Dominant view of memory is the Dual-Store Memory Model

Answer 13

Knowledge of our cognitive processes and how to regulate those processes in order for learning to take place "I know that I (person knowledge) have difficulty with word problems (task knowledge), so I will answer the computational problems first and save the word problems for last (strategy knowledge) Planning - Monitoring - Affecting - Evaluating

Answer 14

BOTH involve self-awareness and intention to act Metacognition - Thinking about thinking - Awareness - Knowledge (3 types) - Person knowledge - Task knowledge - Strategy knowlege Self-Regulation - Controlling cognitive activities - An active process - Involves practice - Learning goal - Monitor learning - Modify strategies to achieve goal

Answer 15

The intentional use of cognitive processes to accomplish a particular learning task High Utility - Practice testing - Distribute practice Moderate Utility - Elaborate interrogation - Self-explanation - Interleaved practice Low Utility - Summarization - Highlighting/underling - Keyword mnemonics - Imagery for text - Rereading

Answer 16

There has been no evidence for learning styles in education research

Answer 17

Contextual Theories: Situated Cognition: Knowledge is situated within authentic activity, context, and culture Distributed Cognition: Knowledge is distributed across objects, individuals, artifacts, and tools Embodied Cognition: All aspects of cognition are shaped by the body

Answer 18

Learning is situated, is participation, and is a tangible skill set Learning cannot be considered separately from prior experiences Emphasis on authentic activites

Answer 19

Learning occurs during interactions between members with different levels of expertise (old-timers and newcomers) Legitimate peripheral participation

Answer 20

CoP's - Newcomers, oldtimers, LPP - Community implies belonging and membership - Shared goals and collective force Affinity Spaces - Starts with spaces where people interact (mainly digital but also physical) - Affinity spaces aren't limited to membership or belonging - Occur outside of formal learning environments and schools

Answer 21

Cognition is distributed across our environment. We offload cognition and work Cognitive artifacts: tools that mediate thought

Answer 22

Across materials (tools and cognitive artifacts) Across people Across time Across space

Answer 23

Externalizing to reduce memory load Modifying existing representations Externally manipulating items into different structures

Answer 24

Our brains affect and are affected by our bodies | - AKA the way we think is shaped by the way we exist in the world

Answer 25

"From the standpoint of the child, the great waste in school comes from his inability to utilize the experiences he gets outside the school in any complete and free way within the school itself; while on the other hand he is unable to apply in daily life what he is learning at school. That is the isolation of the school- its isolation from life"

Answer 26

What we do now: Use assessment as "gatekeepers" to sort students and punish teachers What we need: Assessments that measure the growth of students, provide schools and parents feedback for making decisions, and account for the different opportunities students have had to learn