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POP Health > Day 1 Session 1 > Flashcards

Day 1 Session 1 Flashcards

Introduction

1
Q

What are the main features of public health?

A
  • science & art
  • prolonging life and promoting health
  • organised response
  • protect and promote health
  • effective strategies, interventions and services
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2
Q

How does this differ from clinical practice?

A

Clinical practice is (mainly) treatment focused and based on the individual patient, while public health is focused on the public at large

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3
Q

What are 3 factors illustrating why public health matters from the study of TB mortality rates?

A
  • illustrates the importance of thinking about the health of the populations rather than individuals
  • Health of populations has significantly improved over the last one & a half centuries
  • Show the different influences on public health over that period
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4
Q

What are some causes of this improved health?

A
  • clean water
  • improved sanitation
  • sewage management
  • improve overall standards of living (eg diet & nutritional status)
  • Advances in the field of medicine
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5
Q

What does public health proponents argue about vaccines?

A

Vaccines helped maintain mortality rates, that were already decreasing before they were introduced

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6
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of the determinants and distribution of disease in different population groups

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7
Q

What is epidemiological transition?

A

Describes a changing pattern in the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations over time

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8
Q

What was the first stage of epidemiological transition?

A
  • Pre 19th century: Age of Pestilence & Famine
  • Expected life: 20-40 years
  • Major causes of death are: malnutrition, infectious disease, complications of pregnancy & childbirth; injury
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9
Q

What was the second stage of epidemiological transition?

A
  • 19th century & early 20th: Age of the Receding Pandemics
  • Mortality rates declines, with the rate of decline accelerating as epidemic peaks decrease in frequency
  • Average life expectancy increases
  • Population growth is sustained & begins to be exponential
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10
Q

What was the third stage of epidemiological transition?

A
  • Mid 20th century & later: Age of Degenerate & Chronic Disease
  • Mortality still decreasing: fertility & infant survival crucial
  • Later -> decrease fertility & increasing in ageing populations (major causes of death to due with age & lifestyle)
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11
Q

Is there a fourth stage of epidemiological transition?

A
  • Increase in life expectancy due to delayed on set
    OR
  • Decrease in life expectancy due to human-made disease & new disease -> modern life style increase chances of spread
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12
Q

When do they consider new public health to have begun?

A

1970s+

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13
Q

What is the focus of new public health?

A
  • Education services, health promotion, empowerment & increase in community involvement
  • Health & health promotion
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14
Q

What is the Ottwa Charter of Health Promotion 1986?

A
  • Individual -> Lifestyle modification
  • System -> healthy public policy
  • Thus, empowering individuals & improving communities
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15
Q

What are the key aspects of Ottwa Charter of Health Promotion 1986?

A
  • > The 5 Pillars
  • The Development of Health Public Policy
  • The creation of supportive environments
  • Strengthening community action
  • The development of personal skills
  • Re-orientation of Health Services
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16
Q

What are the principles of modern public health?

A
  • Prevention
  • Social justice & fair distribution
  • Equity (for the vulnerable & disadvantaged)
  • Balance between science & society
  • Dynamic Agenda
  • Political
17
Q

What are some functions of public health?

A
  • Prevention, surveillance and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases
  • Health promotion
  • Occupational health & safety
  • Public Health research
  • Specific services (school health, maternal & child health, family planning services, emergency disaster management, public health laboratories)
  • Environmental quality & safety
  • Public health legislation & regulation
  • Public health management (where resources are allocated)
18
Q

What is the public health ‘toolbox’ also known as?

A

Public Health Sciences

19
Q

What are public health sciences? Outline

A

Are the body of scientific disciplines focused on investigating and describing the distribution and determinants of health and disease in the population, and identifying the effective response strategy

20
Q

What does epidemiology study?

A

The determinants, distribution, and control of disease in populations
- both communicable and non-communicable disease
Identifies risk factors of disease
- Focus on scientific, robust study designs & analysis

21
Q

What is an example of an epidemiological study?

A
  • Dr John Snow

- British Doctors Study (Doll & Hill) - tobacco smoking on lung cancer

22
Q

What is the study of demography?

A
  • Study of human populations
  • Helps us to understand growth and decline of populations, the impact of fertility, migration and mortality
  • Help us plan public health interventions and provide health services
23
Q

What are some examples of the Population health sciences?

A
  • Epidemiology
  • Demography
  • Statistics
  • Economics
  • Sociology & Psychology (social determinants)
  • Ethics
  • Policy
  • Management
  • Evaluation
24
Q

What are some examples of public health organisations?

A

-WHO

UN

25
Q

What are the 10 greatest public health achievements of the 20th century?

A 
1 Vaccination
2 Recognition of tobacco use as a hazard
3 Motor-vehicle safety
4 Safer workplaces
5 Control of infectious disease
6 Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease & stroke
7 Safer and healthier foods
8 Healthier mothers and babies
9 Family planning and contraception
10 Fluoridation of drinking water
26
Q

What is the public health impact on 9 of the leading causes of death 1950-2000?

A
  • stroke: decrease 66.3%
  • Heart disease 56.1%
    -Uterine cervical cancer 72.5%
  • Gastric (stomach) cancer 81.0%
  • HIV 67.9%
  • Tuberculosis 91.4%
  • Syphilis 100%
  • Influenza & pneumonia 55.9%
    Accidents & Unintentional injuries 55.3%

POP Health (12 decks)

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