DAY 1 Flashcards
demonstrated the relationship of water and cholera
Dr. John Snow
show the relationship of typhoid and water contamination
Dr. William Budd
half life is defined as
ln(0.5)k^-1 or 0.693K-1
Commercial sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is often purchased as a 93 wt% (weight percent) solution. Find
the concentration of this solution of H2SO4 in units of milligram per liter, molarity, and normality. Sulfuric acid (100%) has a specific gravity of 1.839. Assume that the temperature of the
solution is 15◦C.
36.30 Eq / L or 36.3 N
Determine the equivalent weight of each of the following: Ca2+, CO2−
3 , CaCO3
50.05 g · g / Eq or 50.05 mg /mEq
Find the mass of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) that must be added a 1.00 L volumetric flask
containing distilled water to make a 1.0 M solution. Find the normality of the solution.
84 g / L
The pH of a water is measured to be 7.5. The concentration of bicarbonate was measured to be
1.3 × 10−3 M. What are the concentrations of carbonate, carbonic acid, and CT? Assume this system is closed to the atmosphere.
1.384 × 10−3 M ≈ 1.4 × 10−3 M
The pH of a water is measured to be 7.5. What are the concentrations of carbonate, bicarbonate,
carbonic acid, and CT? Assume this system is open to the atmosphere. The temperature is 25◦
C.
The Henry’s constant for carbon dioxide is 10−1.47 M · atm−1 at this temperature. The partial
pressure of carbon dioxide is 10−3.53 atm.
1.70 × 10−4 M ≈ 1.7 × 10−4 M
This ability to resist change is referred to as
buffering capacity
describe a water’s ability to resist changes in pH on the
addition of acid, therefore, it is also called acid-neutralizing capacity
alkalinity
is defined as the sum of all titratable bases to a pH of approximately 4.5.
Alkalinity
A water contains 100.0 mg · L−1 CO2−
3 and 75.0 mg · L−1 HCO−
3 at a pH of 10 (T = 25◦
C).
Calculate the exact alkalinity. Approximate the alkalinity by ignoring the appropriate chemical
species.
233 mg · L−1 as CaCO3
ability of a water to resist changes in pH due to the addition of base. Therefore, it is also called
base-neutralizing capacity.
Acidity
essentially, the extent to which a unit mass of soil can exchange a mass of
a certain ion of interest
Exchange capacity
is essentially the attachment of a chemical to either the mineral or organic portions of soil particles and includes both
adsorption and absorption
Sorption
A soil sample is collected and the soil water is analyzed for the chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA). The concentration in the water is found to be 12.5 g · L−1. The organic matter content of the soil is 1.0%. Determine the concentration of DCA that would be sorbed to the soil and that associated with the organic matter. DCA has a Kd of
0.724 (ug · kg−1
)(ug · L−1)−1 .
= 905 ug · kg−1
A 1-m3 sample of air was found to contain 80 g · m−3 of SO2. The temperature and pressure
were 25.0◦
C and 103.193 kPa when the air sample was taken. What was the SO2 concentration in
parts per million?
0.030 ppm of SO2
A solution of sodium bicarbonate is prepared by adding 45.00 g of sodium bicarbonate to a 1.00-L volumetric flask and adding distilled water until it reaches the 1.00-L mark. What is the concentration of
sodium bicarbonate in units of (a) milligrams per liter, (b) molarity, (c) normality and (d) milligrams per
liter as CaCO3?
(a) 4.5 × 104 mg · L−1 (b) 0.536 M (c) 0.536 N (d) 2.68 × 104 mg · L−1 as CaCO3
A magnesium hydroxide solution is prepared by adding 10.00 g of magnesium hydroxide to a volumetric
flask and bringing the final volume to 1.00 L by adding water buffered at a pH of 7.0. What is the concentration of magnesium in this solution? (Assume that the temperature is 25◦
C and the ionic strength is
negligible).
0.17 M
A ferric phosphate solution is prepared by adding 2.4 g of ferric phosphate to a volumetric flask and
bringing the final volume to 1.00 L by adding water having a phosphate concentration of 1.0 mg · L−1 .
What is the concentration of soluble iron in this solution? (Assume that the temperature of the solution is
25◦
C.)
1.20 × 10−17 M
A solution has an H+ concentration of 10−5 M. (a) What is the pH of this solution? (b) What is the pOH?
(Assume that the temperature of the solution is 25◦
C.)
(a) 5 (b) 9
A solution of acetic acid is prepared in water by adding 11.1 g of sodium acetate to a volumetric flask and
bringing the volume to 1.0 L with water. The final pH is measured to be 5.25. What are the concentrations
of acetate and acetic acid in solution? (Assume that the temperature of the solution is 25◦
C.)
[HA] = 0.033 M [A−] = 0.102 M
The concentration of a chemical degrades in water according to first-order kinetics. The degradation
constant is 0.2 day−1
. If the initial concentration is 100.0 mg · L−1, how many days are required for the concentration to reach 0.14 mg · L−1?
32.9 days
Hypochlorous acid decays in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Assume that degradation occurs according to first-order kinetics and the rate of degradation was measured to be 0.12 day−1 (at a particular sunlight
intensity and temperature). Given this, how long does it take for the concentration of hypochlorous acid to
reach nondetectable levels (0.05 mg · L−1 ) if the initial concentration were 3.65 mg · L−1 ?
35.8 days
Show that a 4.50% by weight mixture contains 45.0 kg of substance in a cubic meter of water (i.e., 4.50% =
45.0 kg · m−3 ).
45 kg · m−3
A water initially contains 40 mg · L−1 of Mg2+. The pH of the water is increased until the concentration of
hydroxide ion (OH−) is 0.001000 M. What is the concentration of magnesium ion in this water at this pH? Give your answer in milligrams per liter. Assume that the temperature of the solution is 25◦C.
0.4423 mg · L−1
You made up a saturated solution of calcium sulfate (CaSO4). The temperature is 25°C. You then add
5.00 × 10−3 M sodium sulfate (Na2SO4 ). What are the concentrations of calcium and sulfate after equilibrium is reached? The pKs of CaSO4 is 4.58.
Ca2+ = 0.0032 M, SO2−
4 = 0.0082 M
The pH of a finished water from a water treatment process is 10.74. What amount of 0.02000 N sulfuric
acid, in milliliters, is required to neutralize 1.000 L of the finished water, assuming that the alkalinity
(buffering capacity) of the water is zero?
How many milliliters of 0.02000 N hydrochloric acid would be required to perform the neutralization
: 27.5 mL
What is the pH of a water that, at 25◦
C, contains 0.5000 mg · L−1 of hypochlorous acid? Assume equilibrium has been achieved. Ignore the dissociation of water. Although it may not be justified based on the data
available to you, report the answer to two decimal places.
pH 6.28
What is the “exact” alkalinity of a water that contains 0.6580 mg · L−1 of bicarbonate, as the ion, at a pH
of 5.66?
0.4302 mg · L−1 as CaCO3
What is the pH of a water that contains 120.00 mg · L−1 of bicarbonate ion and 15.00 mg · L−1 of carbonate ion?
9.43
Determine the density of nitrogen gas at a pressure of 122.8 kPa and a temperature of 298.0 K
1.39 kg · m−3
What volume would one mole of an ideal gas occupy at 25.0◦
C and 101.325 kPa?
24.46 L
A 1-m3 volume tank contains a gas mixture of 18.32 mol of oxygen, 16.40 mol of nitrogen, and 6.15 mol of
carbon dioxide. What is the partial pressure of each component in the gas mixture at 25.0◦
C?
O2: 45.4 kPa, N2: 40.6 kPa, CO2: 15.2 kPa
A 28-L volume of gas at 300.0 K contains 11 g of methane, 1.5 g of nitrogen, and 16 g of carbon dioxide.
Determine the partial pressure exerted by each gas.
CH4: 61.2 kPa, N2: 4.77 kPa, CO2: 32.4 kPa
The partial pressures of the gases in a 22,414-L volume of air at STP are: oxygen, 21.224 kPa; nitrogen,
79.119 kPa; argon, 0.946 kPa; and carbon dioxide, 0.036 kPa. Determine the gram-molecular weight
of air.
28.966
Convert the concentration of NO2 from 0.55 ppm to units of micrograms per cubic meter, given that the gas
has a temperature of 290 K and pressure of 100.0 kPa.
1048.8, or 1050 ug · m−3
A chemical, SpartanGreen, has a partition coefficient of 12,500 (mg · kg−1 )(mg · L−1 )
−1. If the concentration of this chemical in water is found to be 105 g · L−1, at equilibrium, what is the concentration on
the soil?
1312.5 mg · kg−1
contain two or three monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds called
glycosidic linkages.
Oligosaccharides
can contain polymeric chains of several hundred to several thousand
monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
those with five carbons
pentoses
A sugar with three carbons
triose
those with six carbons
hexoses
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
are
pyrimidines
Adenine and guanine
purines
lack a nucleus, the region inside a cell containing the DNA
Prokaryotic cells
diverse group of compounds, make up more than 50% of the dry weight of cells.
Proteins
are lipids with a carbon skeleton containing four fused hydrocarbon rings
Steroids
An increase or decrease in the material (e.g., mass or moles) in the
system.
Accumulation
A process in which material is neither added to nor removed from
the process during its operation.
Batch process
A system that does not have material crossing the system boundary.
Closed system
A material balance on a single chemical component in a system.
Component balance
Matter is neither created nor destroyed overall
Conservation of mass
The depletion of a component in a system due to chemical reaction.
Consumption
A process in which material enters and/or exits continuously.
Continuous process
The amount of material (e.g., mass or moles) in the process at the
end of the processing interval.
Final condition
An open system with material entering and/or leaving.
Flow system
The appearance of a component in a system because of chemical reaction.
Generation
The amount of a material (e.g., mass or moles) in the process at
the beginning of the processing interval.
Initial condition
A depletion of material (usually mass or moles) in the
system.
Negative accumulation
A process in which material enters the system but product is
not removed during operation.
Semi-batch process
A system for which all the conditions (e.g., temperature,
pressure, amount of material) remain constant with time
Steady-state system
Any arbitrary portion of or whole process that is considered for analysis.
System
A system for which one or more of the conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, amount of material) of the system vary with time. Also known
as an unsteady-state system.
Transient system
A system for which one or more of the conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, amount of material) of the system vary with time. Also known as a transient system.
Unsteady-state system
The number of variables whose values are unknown minus the number of independent equations
Degrees of freedom
A set of equations that are not independent
Dependent equations
A problem in which the number of degrees of freedom is zero.
Exactly specified
An equation based on information not explicitly provided in a problem such as the sum of the mass fractions is one.
Implicit equation
A set of equations for which the rank of the coefficient matrix formed from the equations is the same as the number of equations.
Independent equations
A set of equations (or a problem) that is comprised of more equations than unknowns.
Over specified
discovered radioactivity in 1896
Henri Becquerel
helium nuclei
alpha particles
electrons.
beta particles
high-energy photons
gamma rays
positively charged electrons
positrons
the new element has the same mass number but an atomic number one unit smaller
positrons