Datagrams exam 2 3

Question 1

Socio-economic status, along with race and gender, create inequalities across the life course

Answer 1

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Question 2

Resilience refers to the ability to cope with life challenges and maintain one’s
optimism and psychological well-being

Answer 2

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Question 3

African Americans and Latino households headed by women are almost 3 times
more likely than non-Hispanic whites to be poor in old age.

Answer 3

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Question 4

Older women of color who live alone form the poorest group in our society

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Question 5

Ethnicity encompasses culture, a complex system and process of shared
knowledge, beliefs, traditions, symbols, language, art, and social organization.
Culture is a lens through which individuals perceive and interpret the world.

Answer 5

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Question 6

• Among the current population of 65 and older, about 19% are ethnic
minorities; this is projected to increase to more than 39% by 2050.

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Question 7

• The greatest growth among elders of color will occur in those 85 and over.

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Question 8

Ethno-gerontology is the study of causes, processes, and consequences of race,
national origin, and culture on individual and population aging.

Answer 8

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Question 9

The Double Jeopardy Hypothesis suggests that being both minority and old
results in a double disadvantage to health and well-being in old age.

Answer 9

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Question 10

Although African Americans are the largest population of color, only about 8%
of them are over age 65, compared to 15% of the white population.

Answer 10

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Question 11

The life expectancy for African Americans is 71 years, compared to 78.1 years
for all population groups.

Answer 11

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Question 12

The poverty rate among older African-Americans is 23%, compared to
approximately 7% for whites

Answer 12

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Question 13

The prevalence of chronic diseases is estimated to be twice as high among
African Americans as among whites.

Answer 13

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Question 14

Older African Americans have larger, more extended families than do whites, a
higher frequency of family-based households, and higher levels of social
support from their extended families.

Answer 14

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Question 15

Despite significant economic hardships, the majority of older blacks report high
life satisfaction and happiness compared to their white counterparts, regardless
of living conditions.

Answer 15

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Question 16

African American elders appear to have a broader range of informal
instrumental and emotional supports than is characteristic of Caucasian older
people

Answer 16

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Question 17

Latinos are the largest population of color and the fastest growing group in the
United States due to high rates of fertility and immigration.

Answer 17

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Question 18

The percentage of oldest-old among the Latino population will triple by 2050

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Question 19

Approximately 17% of older Latinos live below the poverty level, compared to
7.4% of older whites.

Answer 19

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Question 20

Despite their high rates of poverty, Latinos in general have lower mortality
rates from both acute and chronic diseases than that of the white population.

Answer 20

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Question 21

Studies of Mexican-Americans find that disease rates increase progressively
with degree of acculturation to the U.S. As length of stay increases, use of
cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs increase.

Answer 21

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Question 22

Studies suggest a protective health factor associated with Latino culture,
including supports from large extended families and community mutual aid.

Answer 22

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Question 23

Only about 3% of Latinos are in nursing homes, with 10% of those over age 85
institutionalized, compared to 23% of oldest old whites.

Answer 23

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Question 24

Only 7% of American Indians are 65 years or older.

Answer 24

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Question 25

American Indians’ life expectancy at birth is around 74 years compared to 78.1
years for the white population.

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Question 26

Nearly 30% of older American Indians are estimated to be poor, with per capita
income approximately half that of whites.

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Question 27

American Indians may have the poorest health of all Americans due, in part, to
high poverty rates, inadequate housing conditions, and the isolation of many of
their communities.

Answer 27

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Question 28

American Indians have higher death rates than whites up through age 65.
However, between the ages of 65 and 84 the rates are comparable, and after age
85 their death rates are lower than whites.

Answer 28

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Question 29

The primary risk factors for diseases among American Indians are smoking and
diet, especially consumption of alcohol.

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Question 30

For American Indians, family is the central institution; honoring and giving
respect to elders and sharing family resources are an integral part of their
ethos

Answer 30

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Question 31

Approximately 9.3% of the Asian/Pacific Islander population is 65 and older.
They are the 3rd largest and fastest growing group of color

Answer 31

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Question 32

• Approximately 13% of Asian/Pacific Islander (API) elders live below the
poverty level.

Answer 32

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Question 33

The cultural values of Asian/Pacific Islanders underlie their expectation to rely
on family as their only source of support

Answer 33

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Question 34

As a whole, Asian/Pacific Islanders tend to face higher rates of hypertension,
cholesterol, osteoporosis, and cancer, especially among low-income subgroupings,
and Asian-American women have the highest rate of osteoporosis

Answer 34

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Question 35

Compared with the majority culture, Asian Americans place a higher value on
reciprocal exchanges between young and old and the prestige of being old.

Answer 35

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Question 36

The rate of institutionalization among Asian Americans is significantly lower
than for their white counterparts

Answer 36

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Question 37

As a whole, elders of color underutilize health and social services. Cultural and
language difficulties, physical isolation, and lower income contribute to this
underutilization of services.

Answer 37

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Question 38

Women represent 58% of the population aged 65 to 74, and 68% of the
population over age 85.

Answer 38

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Question 39

Women outnumber men age 65 and over by 3:2, men age 85 and over by 5:2,
and centenarians by 3:1.

Answer 39

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Question 40

Older women are more likely than older men to be poor; to have inadequate
retirement income; to be widowed, divorced, and alone; to live in assisted living
or a nursing home; and to be caregivers to other relatives

Answer 40

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Question 41

Women over age 65 account for 58% of the total older population, but over
70% of the older poor

Answer 41

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Question 42

Poverty rates are highest among women who; never married (20%), are
divorced (22%), are widows (18.6%) and are women of color.

Answer 42

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Question 43

Women are more likely than men to rely on Social Security as their sole source
of income.

Answer 43

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Question 44

The difference in women’s greater economic vulnerability in old age as
compared to men’s is largely the consequence of the domestic division of labor
and women’s position in the labor market, resulting in lower earnings across
the life course and into old age.

Answer 44

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Question 45

Women are more likely than men to rely on Social Security as their sole source
of income. Without Social Security, it is estimated that over 50% of older
women would be poor

Answer 45

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Question 46

Women are less likely than men to receive private pensions

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Question 47

Although women in all industrialized countries and nearly all developing
countries live longer than men, they have higher rates of illness, physician
visits, and prescription drugs used as a result of more acute illnesses and
nonfatal chronic conditions.

Answer 47

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Question 48

After age 65 women comprise the vast majority of Medicare beneficiaries, with
women age 85 and over forming 70% of beneficiaries.

Answer 48

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Question 49

85% of older women have a chronic disease or disability. Even when non-lifethreatening,
many of the chronic conditions interfere with daily functioning
(ADLs or IADLs).

Answer 49

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Question 50

Approximately 40% of older women (compared to 19% of older men) live alone
for nearly one-third of their adult lives, primarily because of widowhood or
divorce.

Answer 50

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Question 51

Women comprise 74% of nursing home residents.

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Question 52

Among women 65 and older, 42% are widowed compared to 13% of men. The
primary negative consequence of widowhood is low socioeconomic status

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Question 53

In general, older women have fewer economic but more social resources and
richer, more intimate informal networks than men do

Answer 53

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