Data Variables And Measurement

Question 1

Scientific discourse

Answer 1

Variables: data

Question 2

World of nature

Answer 2

Objects and events

Question 3

Variable

Answer 3

A property of an object or event that can take on different values in different conditions

Question 4

Independent variable

Answer 4

A condition manipulated or selected by a researcher to determine its effect on behavior
Example: factor treatment predictor

Question 5

Manipulated variable

Answer 5

An independent variable under the direct control of the researcher whose values are determined by the researcher

Question 6

Selected variable

Answer 6

An independent variable not under the direct control of the researcher whose values are selected by the researcher

Question 7

Confounded variable

Answer 7

An extraneous variable that varies systematically with the independent variable and obscures its effect on behavior

Question 8

Moderator variable

Answer 8

A variable that qualifies the effect of the independent variable on behavior

Question 9

Dependent variable

Answer 9

A measure of behavior that reflects the effect of the independent variable
Example Outcome and result

Question 10

Control variable

Answer 10

A variable that is held constant throughout a research study

Question 11

Quantitative variable

Answer 11

A variable whose values register changes in magnitude or amount

Question 12

Categorical variable

Answer 12

A variable whose values register changes in kind or quality

Question 13

Continuous variable

Answer 13

A variable whose values fall along a continuum

Question 14

Discrete variable

Answer 14

A variable whose values are limited to a finite number of levels

Question 15

Physical variable

Answer 15

A variable that is directly definable in physical terms

Question 16

Non physical variable

Answer 16

A variable that is defined in terms of behavioral or cognitive processes

Question 17

Measurement

Answer 17

The assignment of numbers to objects or events according to rules

Question 18

Nominal scale

Answer 18

Measurement that labels or classifies objects or events into categories
Example: A B C

Question 19

Ordinal scale

Answer 19

Measurement that ranks objects or events in order of magnitude
A<b></b>

Question 20

Interval scale

Answer 20

Measurement that specifies meaningful differences among the values assigned to objects or events
Example: A——- B——C

Question 21

Ratio scale

Answer 21

Measurement that specifies meaningful ratio among the values assigned to objects or events, fixed zero point
Example: 0—–A—–B—–C

Question 22

Absolute scale

Answer 22

Measurement that specifies natural units of some quantity
Fixed zero point fixed unit
Example: 0—-1–A—1—B—1—C

Question 23

Self report measures

Answer 23

Close ended questions and open ended questions

Question 24

Behavioral measures

Answer 24

Behavioral trace
Behavioral observation
Behavioral choice

Question 25

Self report advantages

Answer 25

Cheap easy and direct info on thoughts and feelings

Question 26

Self report disadvantages

Answer 26

Questionable authority
Social desirability bias
Demand characteristics
Retrospective bias

Question 27

Behavioral advantages

Answer 27

Directly observable
Participant engagement
Relatable findings

Question 28

Behavioral disadvantages

Answer 28

Expensive time consuming
Demand characteristics
Participant reactivity

Question 29

Reliability

Answer 29

The consistency of data from one occasion to another

Question 30

Reliability of experiments

Answer 30

Direct replication

Systematic replication

Question 31

Validity

Answer 31

The accuracy of data in terms of its correspondence with reality

Validity of measuring instruments
Validity of inferences