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Research methods > data analysis > Flashcards

data analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is data?

A

the information that has been gathered from a sample in a study

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of data?

A
  1. Qualitative
  2. Quantitative
  3. Primary
  4. Secondary
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3
Q

What are the 3 levels of data?

A
  1. Nominal
  2. Ordinal
  3. Interval
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4
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Category / frequency e.g., tally

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5
Q

What is Ordinal data?

A

ranking / ratings (an order)

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6
Q

What is interval data?

A

precise measurements

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7
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

a way of summarising and describing data

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8
Q

What are the two types of statistics?

A

descriptive and inferential

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9
Q

What are the two types of descriptive statistics?

A

measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion

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10
Q

What do measures of central tendency do?

A

summarise the data and give a typical value and middle of the data set

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11
Q

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

A

mean, mode, and median

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12
Q

How do you calculate the mean?

A

add up all the values and then divide sum by however many values there are

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13
Q

Calculate the mean of:
7,7,5,7,4,5,8,37

A

10

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14
Q

What is the weakness of using a mean?

A

data can be skewed or distorted by outliers making the typical score misleading

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15
Q

What is the strength of using a mean?

A

as it takes all values into account it is more likely to be representative

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16
Q

How do you calculate the median?

A

arranging all values into ascending order (lowest to highest) and then using the middle value

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17
Q

What do you do if there are two numbers left when trying to find the median?

A

add both values together and divide by 2

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18
Q

Calculate the median of:
4,5,5,7,7,7,8,37

A

7

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19
Q

What is a strength of using the median?

A

an appropriate measure if there are outliers - not distorted

20
Q

What is a weakness of using the median?

A

less representative as it does not take all values into account

21
Q

How do you calculate the mode?

A

the most frequently occurring value

22
Q

Why is the mode different from other measures of central tendancy?

A

there can be no mode or more than one mode (bimodal or trimodal)

23
Q

Calculate the mode:
7,7,5,7,4,5,8,37

A

7

24
Q

What is the weakness of the mode?

A

at times does not indicate the typical data score

25
Q

What is the strength of the mode?

A

only measure that can be used for nominal category data (no calculations required)

26
Q

What do measures of dispersion do?

A

summarise the data but indicate the spread of values - the extent to which scores deviate from the mean

27
Q

What are the 3 types of dispersion?

A

range, variation, and standard deviation

28
Q

What is the range?

A

subtracting the lowest value from the highest value

29
Q

Calculate the range
13,14,15,16,17

A

4

30
Q

What is the preferred range?

A

0 (smaller)

31
Q

Why is a smaller range preferred?

A

indicates values are closer to the mean and so more similar

32
Q

What is the strength of the range?

A

very useful as it is a simple measure to calculate the spread

33
Q

What is the weakness of the range?

A

it is completely determined by outliers and therefore can easily be distorted

34
Q

What are the measures of dispersion that are not effected by outliers?

A

variance and standard deviation

35
Q

What do variance and standard deviation do?

A

calculates the distance of every value from the mean and averages it

36
Q

How many formulas are there to calculate standard deviation?

A

2

37
Q

Why are there two formulas?

A

one for population and one for sample

38
Q

What formula do you use most often?

A

sample

39
Q

What are the steps to calculate standard deviation?

A

1- Calculate mean
2- take each value away from the mean
3- square each value
4- add squared totals together
5- divide squared total by sample size (-1)
6- square root

40
Q

What is the strength of standard deviation?

A

not affected by outliers (unlike range) and take all values into account (representative)

41
Q

What do inferential statistic do?

A

test for significance - make sure any relationship / difference is definite and not due to chance

42
Q

What is the significance level most often used in psychology?

A

95% (P≤0.05)

43
Q

What is the significance level for severe and important investigations?

A

99% (P≤0.01)

44
Q

What are the two types of errors when analysing data?

A

Type 1 and Type 2

45
Q

What is a type one error?

A
  • saying you have found something when you have not
  • incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis
  • accepting a false alternate hypothesis
46
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A
  • saying you haven’t found something when you have
  • accepting a false null (failure to reject it)
  • rejecting a true alternate hypothesis

Research methods (15 decks)

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