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Module 22: Reproduction & Fertility > Dairy Herd Fertility Parameters > Flashcards

Dairy Herd Fertility Parameters Flashcards

1
Q

what does the calving interval measure

A

Describes overall fertility (all year)

Too historical

Average limitations

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2
Q

what does the calving to first service measure

A

Heat detection evaluation

Average limitations

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3
Q

what is the non-return rate useful for

A

comparing AI staff CR

ignores animals sold not in calf

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4
Q

what is the submission rate

A

How effectively do we put semen in cows?

SR = # of animals served/number of animals eligible to be served x 100

(cows served/cows eligible)

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5
Q

what animals are eligible to be inseminated

A

passed the voluntary waiting period (50-60d)

Not pregnant yet

For breeding

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6
Q

what does the conception rate (CR) measure

A

How effectively does semen + egg = calf?

CR = # of animals pregnant/number of animals served x 100

(observed preg/total serves)

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7
Q

what is CR affected by

A

Affected by days since service at pregnancy diagnosis (late embryonic losses)

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8
Q

what does pregnancy rate (PR) measure

A

PR = # of pregnancies observed/# of eligible cows

(observed preg/cow eligible)

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9
Q

describe what the SR, CR, PR targets are for a year round (intensive) dairy

A

SR >70%

CR 40%

PR 25%

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10
Q

describe what the SR, CR, PR targets are for a seasonal (extensive) dairy

A

SR >90%

CR 50%

PR 40%

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11
Q

describe what the SR, CR, PR targets are for a seasonal beef

A

SR >90%

CR 60%

PR 45%

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12
Q

what are the key profit drivers in meat production (3)

A
  1. fertility perfromance = pregnancy rate (SR + CR)
  2. calf rearing performance = % born that are sold
  3. calf rearing efficiency = feed conversion efficiency
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13
Q

what affects the replacement rate in the dairy herd

A
  1. fertility perfromance
  2. % heifers born
  3. heifer rearing ability
  4. heifer fertility

Profit period is during the peak lactation period

Dry period if not well managed can cause $ loss

Herds with good fertility —> more peak lactations and more profitable

Herds with average fertility —> less lactations and costing money

Replacements:

  • Necessary and valuable animals
  • Replacement rate in the dairy herd
    • Fertility performance is the most important
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14
Q

what other factors affect the replacement rate of a dairy

A
  1. genetic progress
  2. mastitis
  3. lameness
  4. infectious disease
  5. fat cows, nutritional management, transition disease
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15
Q

what are the costs of reduced fertility performance

A

Reduced production of individual cows

Reduced potential replacement numbers

  • Pressure to keep lame, mastitis, old cows
  • Pressure to breed for longer (difficult nutritional management, increased transition disease)
  • Lead to increased clinical and sub-clinical diseases, higher death risks
  • Reduced surplus cows sold

Slower genetic gains

  • Reduced future performance
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16
Q

what are factors that limit fertility performance (8)

A
  1. heat detection
  2. lameness
  3. nutrition
  4. infectious diseases
  5. semen management
  6. genetics
  7. mastitis
  8. transition cow diseases
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17
Q

what is the efficiency/accuracy of heat detection

A

Sensitivity = % cows served that were actually on heat

Specificity = % cows not served that were not on heat

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18
Q

what does low sensitivity of heat detection mean

A

false negatives = animals are being missed

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19
Q

how would you know heat detection is poorly sensitive

A

cows not served but cycling

PD negative

low SR

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20
Q

what is a low specificty of heat detection

A

false positive

animals served when not on heat

  • AI cows that were not on heat (poor HD)
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21
Q

how do you know if there is low specificity for heat detection

A

low CR

22
Q

what is the inter-service interval and what should it be

A

one cow served twice in a row

should be 21 (18-24d) which is the cycle length of a cow

23
Q

what does a 18-24d inter-service interval mean

A

good sensitivity and specificty of heat detection

24
Q

what do short/long inter-service intervals mean

A

one of the services was inaccurate = low specificity

25
Q

what do really long inter-service intervals indicate

A

lots of animals are being missed

low sensitivity of heat detection

26
Q

how does lameness affect fertility

A

Lame cows spend more time lying down

Reduction of estrus intensity

Altered estrus behaviour

More lame cows —> poor SR —> poor PR —> low RR —> forced to keep lame cows

27
Q

how do transition cow diseases affect fertility

A

breeding should be 50d after calving

Any clinical problem at calving is very likely to impact fertility

28
Q

what are transition cow diseases that affect fertility

A

milk fever

dystocia

twins

metritis

ketosis

retained fetal membranes

left displaced abomasum

29
Q

how do you measure the clinical incidence of transition cow diseases

A

Incidence = new cases/animals at risk (over a period of time)

Incidence of a post partum disease:

  • Number of calving
  • Number of clinical disease
  • ex. # of RFM/# of calvings
30
Q

how does ketosis impact fertility

A

Impact of ketosis on conception rate

Non-ketotic animals 2x more likely to conceive when compared to ketotic animals

Dramatically reduces SR and CR

31
Q

what is the definition of retained fetal membrane

A

Failure to expel fetal membranes within 6 hours post parturition

32
Q

how does nutrition affect fertility

A

NEB

macrominerals

protein excess

trace elements/vitamins

33
Q

how does negative energy balance affect fertility

A

mobilizing excess body fat

High plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA)

  • 2 weeks before calving

High plasma ketone bodies (K)

  • 1 week post parturition

Increased in follicular fluid affects the oocyte quality, fertilization and the embryo quality

High concentrations of NEFA and ketone bodies affected the quality of the corpus luteum

34
Q

what macro-minerals can affect fertiltiy

A

Milk fever/hypocalcemia at calving

  • Poor appetite — losing condition — NEB
  • Retained fetal membrane
  • Immunosuppression
  • All lead to lower SR and CR
35
Q

how does protein excess lead to fertility issues

A

Acidosis and high plasma urea in diets with a high dietary crude protein

  • Measurable in blood, urine, milk
  • Leads to changes in the uterine environment and affect embryos quality and viability
  • High levels of urea in the follicle produce a poor quality oocyte
  • Leads to a lower CR

Measure milk urea

36
Q

what vitamins can affect fertility

A

vitamin E

vitamin A

37
Q

what trace elements can affect fertility

A

Iodine

Copper

Selenium

Cobalt

Zinc

Manganese

38
Q

what infectious diseases can cause embryonic loss

A

BVD

IBR

Lepto

Salmonella

39
Q

how does BVD cause embryonic loss

A

Embryonic loss (lower CR)

Immunosuppression

  • Increased susceptibility to disease (RFM, metritis, mastitis etc) —> lower SR and CR
  • Increased calves disease (diarrhea, pneumonia, navel ill etc) —> lower replacement rate (birth to first calving)
40
Q

what infectious diseases can cause abortion

A

IBR

Leptospirosis

Neospora

Salmonella

Campylobacter

41
Q

how can semen management affect fertility

A

semen handling

AI technique

42
Q

what is the difference between conventional and sexed semen fertility

A

sexed semen

lower CR 10-15% lower

43
Q

what is the CR of conventional semen in heifers

A

53%

67%

44
Q

how does mastitis affect fertility

A

inflammation

temp

pain

lower SR and CR

45
Q

what are the minimum records that need to be kept on farm to track fertility

A

Calving

AIs/services

PDs

Abortions

Excluded animals

  • Do not breed cows
  • Animals leaving herd (sold, dead)

Animals arriving (purchased)

46
Q

what are other useful records that should be kept to track fertility

A

Lameness

Mastitis

Clinical disease (PP)

Per service:

  • Technician
  • Bull selection
  • Heat detection method (synch, observed, software assisted)

Reasons for animal leaving herd

47
Q

what can be detected on the routine scanning visit

A

Pregnancy diagnosis (set the limit)

2º PDs

  • Embryo loss or abortion

Not detected on estrus (set VWP — over 70 DIM)

Re check of 30 DIM animals with PP problem

(previous week synch)

48
Q

what does the routine post partum visit check

A

All cows within 1-2 wks

Problem cows

  • RFM
  • Metritis
  • Ketosis
  • LDA
  • Others
49
Q

when should BCS be done

A

dry off

close up

at calving

30DIM

60 dIM

secondary PD

50
Q

what are the practical aspects of synch programs

A

So many possibilities

Keeping farmers week simple

Fitting farmers routine

Fitting your routine

No missing any treatment

Module 22: Reproduction & Fertility (27 decks)

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