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Module 22: Reproduction & Fertility > Bovine & Ovine Abortion > Flashcards

Bovine & Ovine Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

what is abortion

A

expulsion before full term which is incapable of independent life

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2
Q

what is a still birth

A

death of fetus at term up to 24 hours

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3
Q

what is early embryonic death

A

death prior to attachment to uterine wall

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4
Q

why are abortions important

A

Large source of calf/lamb loss

  • Often overlooked if sporadic

Additional costs:

  • Non productive animal still needs to be kept
  • Labour
  • Vet costs
  • Calves/lambs with poor vigor
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5
Q

when should abortions be investigated

A

Up to 2% may be due to non-infectious causes HOWEVER still a useful screening tool to rule in/out various causes

All outbreaks begin with a first case

Brucellosis order (Scotland) 2009:

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6
Q

what are the most common causes of ovine abortions

A
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7
Q

what are the common causes of bovine abortion

A
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8
Q

what are the differences between beef and dairy abortions

A
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9
Q

what is VIDA

A

Veterinary investigation diagnosis analysis (VIDA)

  • List of diagnoses and the criteria that must be met
  • You do not have to diagnose by gross pathology
  • Know what samples to take and you have all the bases covered
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10
Q

what are important farm history considerations

A

Herd/flock size

Replacement policy

Group size

Barren rate

Pervious abortion (time period?)

Previous diagnoses

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11
Q

what are important dam history considerations

A

Country of origin

Parity

Vaccination status

Management (housing and nutrition)

Method of service

Expected calving/lambing date

Condition score (1-5)

Clinical signs

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12
Q

what are important fetal history considerations

A

Assisted?

Breed

External lesions

Where found?

*dystocia is not a cause of abortion

Any abnormal things take pictures

  • Don’t jump to conclusions if there is a weird congenital abnormality that may not be what caused the abortion
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13
Q

what is dystocia not a cause of

A

abortion

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14
Q

what is fetal stomach content and why should it be taken first

A

Pure bacterial culture from FSC = likely cause of abortion

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15
Q

what type of container should fetal stomach contents be placed in

A

Plain (red top) vacutainer

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16
Q

what should you do if there is no fetal stomach content

A

swab the stomach lining and or take fresh lung/swab for culture

17
Q

what is bacillus licheniformis

A

gram positive

spore forming

faculative anaerobic

found in soil, feces and present on all farms

18
Q

what are positive post mortem findings

A

pericarditis

placentitis

19
Q

how should you sample the placenta

A

numerous sections in 4% formal saline

1cm at one marigin

section various areas (cotyledon and intercotyledonary)

fresh placental and charcoal swab

20
Q

how can fetal fluid be sampled

A

fluid in abdominal/thoracic cavity

21
Q

what can fetal fluid serology be used to diagnose

A

BVD antibodies

BVD antigen

Leptospirosis hardjo

Toxoplasmosis

BDV antibodies

If associated with placentitis can lead to false positives as antibodies from dam could cross placenta if damaged

Interpret with caution

22
Q

what should be included in a fixative for histopathology

A

Placenta

Lung

Liver

Heart

Brain

Thyroid in calves

23
Q

how is neuropathology sample taken

A

Remove top of skull using saw or scissors

Remove brain including whole brainstem

Fix brain in entirety in large volume (10x) 4% formal saline for 5 days

24
Q

how is liver sample useful in cattle

A

BoHV1 fatal so no antibodies produced before fetal death — serology useless

BOHV-1 can be detected on fresh liver by PCR

25
Q

how can a spleen sample be useful

A

BVD or BDV detected by PCR

  • Will detect a PI fetus
26
Q

is dam serology worthwhile

A

Red top tube

Positive results — previous exposure or vaccination

Negative results — may not have seroconverted at time of sample

Need samples from fetus/placenta to confirm cause of abortion

27
Q

what could be the reasons a diagnosis is not reached

A

Non-infectious cause:

  • Trauma/stress
  • Drug induced
  • Nutrition
  • Pyrexia/dam illness

Autolysis

Not all samples available (placenta)

New disease

28
Q

what are the essential samples for bovine and ovine abortions

A

Fetal stomach content (FSC) in vacutainer

Fetal fluid in vacutainer

Fresh placenta + swab

Fresh liver (VTM)

Fresh spleen (VTM)

Fixed

  • Placenta, heart, lung, liver, brain, thyroid

Module 22: Reproduction & Fertility (27 decks)

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