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Module 22: Reproduction & Fertility > Beef Cow Herd KPI & Fertility > Flashcards

Beef Cow Herd KPI & Fertility Flashcards

1
Q

what should the calving to calving interval be

A

365d

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2
Q

what % of cows should be culled as open annualy

A

<5%

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3
Q

what % of cows should wean a calf

A

95%

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4
Q

what % of cows should have calved in the first 6 weeks (42d)

A

80%

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5
Q

what should the replacement rate be

A

16-18%

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6
Q

at what age should heifers calve

A

24 months

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7
Q

why does a tight calving period matter

A

The earlier the calf is born, the more kg of beef to sell

Older calves spread disease to younger calves

Bullying if different sizes

Management procedures needed at different times

Lack of consistency amongst batch when sell calves

Reach puberty at different times so can be issues with ‘teenage pregnancy’

Heifer calves staying on as replacements, the earlier they are born, the more likely they will be ready for mating at 14 months

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8
Q

what are the most important repro parameters which determine the repro efficiency (4)

A
  1. Onset of puberty in heifers
  2. Interval from calving to return to heat in post partum
  3. Heat detection efficiency where AI is used
  4. Breeding success (= conception and pregnancy rates)
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9
Q

what are the underlying issues of the interval from puberty in heifers/calving in cows to conception (4)

A
  1. heifer management
  2. resumption of ovulation and estrous cyclicity postpartum
  3. AI management and cost
  4. bull fertility, pregnancy loss
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10
Q

what is the recommended body weight for heifers at breeding

A

Recommend body weight of 62-65% relative to mature body weight at breeding

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11
Q

at what age do heifers need to be bred in order to calve at 24 months

A

Must be achieved by <15 months

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12
Q

what are issues affecting repro efficiency of heifers

A

Not old enough to mate — need 2 cycles before start breeding

  • Not cycling = prepubertal
  • Influenced by live weight gain, genetics (puberty in continental pure bred takes longest), disease

Not big enough to mate — need to be 65% of mature weight

Comes back to tight calving period to maximize amount of time for heifers to be born, grow and reach puberty ready for breeding

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13
Q

what are the keys to producing top quality, fertile cows involve

A

Proper management of the female from:

  • Time of conception through gestation
  • Birth to weaning
  • Breeding to 1st calving
  • 1st calving to re-breeding

In western Canada — to produce maximum number of calves in lifetime, cow must calve every year — starting as 2 years old

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14
Q

how should heifers be fed and managed

A

separately

Develop in accelerated growth system (ex. drylot 3lb/d) to ensure reach target BW? Issues?

Raise or purchase?

Cost associated with each option

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15
Q

how should heifers be fed from breeding to calving

A

Nutrition and growth:

Do not limit nutrition during gestation

  • Increased risk for dystocia
  • Weak calves at birth
  • Lower colostrum and milk production
  • Longer PPI, lower fertility

Do not overfeed

  • Fat deposits in pelvic opening — increase dystocia
  • Fat deposits in udder — decrease milk production
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16
Q

what is the target weight for heifers at calving

A

Target weight 85% of mature weight at calving

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17
Q

what is the target % open and cows pregnant by the first 3 weeks of breeding

A

<5% barren rate and 65% of cows pregnant after first 3 weeks of breeding

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18
Q

what occurs if there is delayed resumption of ovulation and estrous cyclicity

A

cows are anestrous at onset of breeding and may increase open rate at the end of a tight breeding season

will spread out breeding and thus the next calving period

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19
Q

what delays resumption and cyclicity of cows

A

BCS at calving affects post partum interval (PPI) to resumption of ovulation and then estrous cyclicity

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20
Q

what is the length of the post partum interval to maintain a yearly calving interval

A

Average postpartum interval is about 40

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21
Q

what needs to occur in the post partum interval

A

Involution

Tissue repaire

Return to estrus

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22
Q

how many days does a cow have to concieve for a tight calving interval

A

42d

23
Q

how many days does a cow have from calving until successful breeding to provide a calf every 365d

A

82d from calving until cow is successfully bred to provide a calf every 365d

24
Q

what occurs during the 82d from calving until successful breeding

A

In this short period:

Recover from calving stress

Start lactating

Repair reproductive tract for re-breeding

25
Q

how much calf growth is lost with each cycle missed

A

If calf growth is 0.9kg/d (2lb/d) from birth to wean

Each cycle missed = 18kg (36lb) < calf weight at weaning (5 months)

26
Q

what are the target BCS

A
27
Q

why is it recommended to breed heifers earlier than cows

A

Breeding heifers 4 to 6 weeks before the cows is recommended so that heifers have more time to recoup (i.e. longer post partum interval) after their first calf is born

28
Q

what effect does timing of calving have on conception opportunity in the breeding season

A

If calving late, higher likelihood of anestrus at beginning of breeding season

  • ex. Cows calving for first 3 weeks have average 73d to resume cycling

Recommended breeding season length should be about 63d to maintain a 365d calving interval and improve calf crop uniformity

29
Q

what can a low BCS at calving lead to

A

reduced conception opportunities in the breeding season

high % of anestrous, mostly anovulatory cows at the beginning of breeding season

Problem of late calving cows (can also be the first calving heifers conceiving late the year before)

Problem of anovulatory cows (first calving heifers should calve in first 6 weeks of calving season, cows calving in low BCS)

Problem of heifers not having reached puberty at 14 months (ideally born beginning of calving season the year before)

30
Q

what post partum diseases can cause anestrus and lower conception rates

A

c section

RFM

delayed involution

dystocia

metritis

endometritis

31
Q

what issues can lead to lower fertility due to the bull

A

infertility

lameness

infectious venereal disease (campy)

not enough bull power

32
Q

how long does complete uterine involution take

A

Complete UI is between 30-40d post-calving

33
Q

what is the post partum interval affected by

A

Cow age

Level of nutrition

Dystocia

Disease (RP, infection)

34
Q

why must cows be on a high plane of nutrition from calving to re-breeding

A

Adequate milk for calf

Quick return to estrus

Good conception rate

35
Q

what is the recommended calving season length for cows and heifers

A

60 days for cows

45 days for heifers

36
Q

what is the KPI for abortions

A

<2%

37
Q

what are infectious causes of abortion

A

Bacillus licheniformis

Listeria

BVD

Neospora

Salmonella

Leptospirosis

Q fever

E coli

IBR

38
Q

what are non-infectious causes of abortion

A

Moving

Stress

Drugs

Changing groups

39
Q

what trace elements may cause abortion

A

iodine & selenium might not cause abortion but can influence calf growth and vitality in utero

40
Q

what is the target for perinatal mortality (birth - 2 days)

A

<2%

41
Q

what is the target for calf mortality (2d - weaning)

A

0%

42
Q

what is the target DLWG

A

1.2-1.8kg

43
Q

when do most calf losses occur

A

within first 4 days

44
Q

what are causes of perinatal mortality

A

dystocia

FPT

hygiene of calving area

45
Q

how does dystocia cause perinatal mortality

A

Causes deaths (anoxia, trauma)

Has negative impact on welfare, productivity of cow and calf even if they don’t die

46
Q

how does FPT cause perinatal mortality

A

Neonatal disease and subsequent productivity

47
Q

how does hygeine of the calving area affect perinatal mortality

A

e coli mastitis

calf scour

navel/joint ill

48
Q

what can affect calf mortality

A

calf needs milk!

infectious disease (scour, pneumonia, clostritidial disease)

routine procedures can go wrong (dehorning, castration)

49
Q

what should the involuntary cull rate be

A

<1%

50
Q

what are reasons for involuntary culling

A

infertility (open cows)

51
Q

what are reasons for voluntary cull

A

Age

Temperament

Mastitis

Lameness

Johne’s

52
Q

what data should be available

A

of cows put to bull

PD results

Bull in and out dates

bulls

abortions

calves born TOTAL (dead or alive)

calves born dead

calves tagged

calves weaned

Weights

53
Q

what data should be available

A

Calving records:

  • Calving period (based on day bull went in not when first calf born)
  • # calving’s in each 3 week block, then calculate %
  • Calving ease — quantify dystocia and relate to health

Medicine records:

  • Animals treated for disease
  • Easier said than done (Reason for tx not always included)
  • Are the records accurate?
  • New apps and computer records making this easier

Vet records:

  • Animals treated
  • Lab test results (ex BVD)

Herd register:

  • # of deaths
  • # of calves sold (need to be tagged/registered)

Abattoir data:

  • Carcass weights
  • Grades
  • Disease

Module 22: Reproduction & Fertility (27 decks)

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