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Gr 11 IB Bio > D3.1 Reproduction > Flashcards

D3.1 Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

sexual vs asexual adaptation

A
  • gametes fertilized vs organism replication
  • 2 vs 1 parent
  • genetically unique vs identical offspring
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2
Q

types of asexual reproduction

A

binary fission, mitosis, budding, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction (new plants from roots, etc.), parthenogenesis (developing egg without sperm)

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3
Q

draw and label the female reproductive system

A

vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct/Fallopian tubes, ovaries (front and side view)

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4
Q

gonad

A

organ producing gametes (ovary and testis)

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5
Q

function of ovaries

A

produce oestradiol and eggs as secondary oocytes, ovulation in corpus luteum temporarily produces progesterone

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6
Q

function of Fallopian tube

A

carry egg from ovary to uterus

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7
Q

function of uterus

A

embryo implantation and development

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8
Q

function of endometrium

A

vascular inner lining of uterus

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9
Q

draw and label the male reproductive system

A

testis, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle, bladder, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland, penis/erectile tissue, anus (side view)

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10
Q

function of testes

A

produces sperm in seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

function of epididymis

A

where sperm are stored and mature

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12
Q

function of scrotum

A

protects testes and sperm grow at cooler temperature

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13
Q

function of vas deferens

A

carries sperm to urethra

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14
Q

function of seminal vesicle

A

produces seminal fluid

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15
Q

function of prostate gland

A

produces most of the semen, used to neutralize vaginal fluid

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16
Q

function of Cowper’s gland

A

produces lubricating mucus

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17
Q

menstrual cycle

A
  1. hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  2. GnRH stimulates pituitary gland to produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. FSH and ovaries stimulate ovaries to produce oestradiol
  4. Oestradiol stimulates endometrium to increase vessels and pituitary gland to increase production of FSH and LH
  5. Increase in FSH and LH stimulates arrangement of follicle cells in two rings around oocytes, producing Graafian follicles
  6. Single follicle enters Fallopian tube after ovulation, outer ring stays in ovaries
  7. Outer follicles form corpus luteum, producing progesterone to maintain endometrium and dividing to heal would from ovulation
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18
Q

function of luteinizing hormone

A

stimulates follicles to mature and release eggs

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19
Q

2 components of menstrual cycle

A

ovarian and uterine cycle

20
Q

process of fertilization

A
  1. sperms release enzymes from acrosome penetrates follicle layer, then zona pellucida (glycoprotein gel), then plasma membrane
  2. egg releases vesicles to destroy sperm flagellum and mitochondria, leaving male nucleus with female in egg (pronuclei)
  3. pronuclei replicate DNA then fuse, prepare for mitosis (chromosomes and spindles form, nuclear membrane dissolves)
  4. first mitosis 30 h later, 16 cells after 3 days
21
Q

reasons for infertility

A

low sperm count, impotence, abnormal ovulation, blocked Fallopian tubes

22
Q

process of in vitro fertilization

A
  1. woman takes drugs to stop hormones of menstrual cycle
  2. woman injected with FSH to produce more Graafian follicles (superovulation), and hCG to maintain endometrium
  3. eggs harvested surgically, sperm from ejaculation
  4. eggs and sperm mixed in multiple dishes, 1-3 healthy embryos implanted into uterus (unused embryos are frozen)
23
Q

what plant structures produce gametes?

A

ovules and pollen grains

24
Q

how do ovules and pollen grains reproduce, in contrast to plant gametes?

A

meiosis vs mitosis

25
Q

how are flowering plants capable of self-fertilization?

A

many have hermaphroditic flowers, with male and female structures

26
Q

process of cross-fertilization

A
  1. pollinators attracted to nectar, come into contact with pollen in anther and bring to other plants
  2. pollen sticks to stigma of other plant, becomes pollen tube growing down style to take male nuc to ovule
  3. each tube has 2 male nuclei (double fertilization) and ovule has 3 female nuclei; 1 male fertilizes 1 female to form zygote, other male fertilizes other 2 females to form triploid endosperm (nourishes embryo)
27
Q

draw and label an insect-pollinated flower

A

petals, anthers on filaments (stamen), ovule and ovary connected to stigma through style in middle (carpel), sepal, nectar drops

28
Q

function of sepal

A

protects developing flower in bud

29
Q

function of anther

A

produces pollen

30
Q

function of stigma

A

sticky for pollen to attach

31
Q

function of ovaries

A

contains ovules, where female nuclei develop

32
Q

methods of promoting cross-pollination and preventing self-pollination

A
  1. different maturation for pollen vs ovules
  2. chemical self-incompability mechanisms
  3. flowers with only male/female parts
  4. plants with only one sex of flowers
  5. pollen transferred away by wind
33
Q

types of self-incompatability mechanisms

A
  1. pollen tube isn’t formed
  2. pollen grain doesn’t enter stigma
  3. pollen nuclei degenerate before fertilization
  4. embryo degenerates early
34
Q

benefits of cross-pollination

A

increased variation and vigour

35
Q

vigour

A

healthy growth of new plant

36
Q

methods of seed dispersal

A

fruits that animals eat and defecate seeds, some float on water or wind, some have pods that dry then release explosively

37
Q

describe the process of germination

A
  1. seeds stay dormant until good water, nutrients, O, temperature
  2. seeds’ endosperm tissue has food transferred to embryo through cotyledons until can do photosynthesis
  3. imbibition increases respiration and protein synthesis
  4. radicle (main root) first part of embryo to emerge from seed coat
  5. hypocotyl (shoot that supports coyledons) first structure above ground
  6. first leaves develop as endosperm depleted
  7. secondary roots and root hairs develop
  8. growth continues from meristem tissue
38
Q

imbibition

A

absorption of substance, esp of water by plant

39
Q

physiological changes from puberty in women

A

increased height and mass, underarm and pubic hair, breasts, menstruation, acne, widened hips, fat deposits

40
Q

physiological changes from puberty in men

A

increased height and mass, underarm, facial, chest, and pubic hair, acne, deeper voice, enlarged testes and penis, erections

41
Q

describe the process of spermatogenesis

A
  1. spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules replenish with mitosis and develop into primary spermatocytes, which become spermatozoa through meiosis
  2. spermatozoa stay in tubule to form flagellum and acrosome, using nutrients from sertoli cells
  3. stages of meiosis move spermatozoa closer to interior of tubule, eventually detaching from sertolis and moving through lumen to epididymis for storage
42
Q

describe the process of oogenesis

A
  1. oogonia in ovaries undergo mitosis and develop into primary oocytes during foetal development
  2. follicle cells undergo mitosis and surrounds each primary oocyte, forming primary follicle
  3. after puberty, some primary follicles undergo meiosis 1, making small first polar body and large secondary oocyte
  4. follicle cells divide and form 2 rings around oocyte with fluid between, forming Graafian follicle
  5. fluid makes ovaries bulge, stimulating ovulation, where secondary oocyte with only inner ring is released
  6. if fertilized, meiosis 2 occurs, forming second polar body and zygote
43
Q

differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A
  • millions of sperm daily vs thousands of eggs at birth
  • 4 gametes vs 1 gamete and 2 polar bodies produced
  • smallest vs biggest cells
  • minimal organelles vs many organelles and nutrients
  • motile vs non-motile
44
Q

polyspermy

A

when more than 1 sperm fertilizes ovum, resulting in ovum not developing

45
Q

how is polyspermy prevented?

A

upon penetration, sperm set off cortical reaction, where corticle granules on interior of egg plasma membrane fuse and release enzymes, causing a chemical change and making zona pellucida impenetrable

46
Q
A

Gr 11 IB Bio (17 decks)

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